Two Dimensions to Economic Incorporation: Soviet Immigrants in the Israeli Labour Market

AbstractItaly and Greece have been often blamed by their fellow EU Member States for the excessive permeability of their borders, their inability to stop irregular migration, and their inefficient asylum systems. In addition the two countries have weak internal controls, especially as regards the sectors of the labour market where immigrants are usually employed e.g. agriculture, domestic work, tourism and catering. This article seeks to make sense of these fundamentally contradictory policies that characterise Greece’s and Italy’s approach to managing migration. The article starts by outlining the common features of Italian and Greek immigration policies and proposes an analysis of immigration control regimes along two dimensions: their internal (within the country’s territory) or external (at the border or outside the border) character, and their fencing (stopping) vs. gate-keeping (preventing) nature. Section 3 discusses critically the irregular migration inflows in Greece, the policies implemented to address them and their contradictory results. Section 4 reviews the related policies in Italy and casts light to their inconsistencies. In the concluding section, we highlight the possible explanations for these two countries’ lack of direction in immigration management pointing to the opposition between excessively regulated labour markets, large informal economies and strict border controls which however become lax and ineffective once irregular migrants or asylum seekers are within the country.

Download Full-text

Migration and Integration: A Study of Immigrants in Spain

International Journal of Historical Insight and Research ◽

10.48001/ijhir.2021.07.02.001 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Anshu Rawat

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Push Factors ◽

Unequal Treatment ◽

Labor Recruitment ◽

Integration Of Immigrants ◽

History Of ◽

Oil Crisis ◽

North Western ◽

Labour Market Mobility

This paper traces the history of the Moroccan, Romanian, Ecuadorian and Chinese immigrants in Spain. It focuses on two dimensions of integration: access to the labour market and the level of discrimination faced by immigrants. By analysing the socio-economic and political changes taking place in these sending countries it seeks to understand the diverse factors that propelled migration. Migration to Spain is predominantly economic. In order to understand the integration of immigrants in Spain it is essential to analyse the labour market mobility in conjunction with the protection against discrimination as this reflects equality of opportunity coupled with a positive attitude towards inclusion in society. The 20th century led to economic growth and an increased demand for low skilled labourers prompting migration towards Spain. Lack of employment opportunities and political instability in the home countries, larger changes in the world such as the Oil Crisis, creation of Israel, discontinuation of labor recruitment by North-western European Countries were major push factors. Immigrants face discrimination in their access to the labour market. Unequal treatment is experienced by most immigrants except the Chinese who are respected for their hard work but mocked for their appearance.

Download Full-text

Diversity and Mobility in Australia

Unequal Chances ◽

10.5871/bacad/9780197263860.003.0002 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

CHRISTINE INGLIS ◽

SUZANNE MODEL

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Torres Strait Islander ◽

First Generation ◽

Second Generation ◽

Ethnic Relations ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Economic Incorporation ◽

Torres Strait ◽

Number Of Individuals

The story of ethnic relations in Australia has been very much a story of two groups: the Indigenes and the migrants. One of the major themes evident in this analysis of the Australian ancestry data from the 2001 Census is that, 100 years after the founding of Australia, the same pattern still characterises relations between the non-Indigenes and the Australian-born Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. In contrast to the ongoing evidence of Indigenous disadvantage in Australia, the experience of immigrant groups provides a far more positive picture of the ability of migrants from a diverse range of European and non-European backgrounds to be incorporated into the Australian labour market. While there are clear variations within the first generation, by the second and later generations, ‘ethnic penalties’ suggestive of disadvantage and discrimination have substantially disappeared. The high levels of intermarriage evident by the second generation result in a large number of individuals being from mixed ancestries and are a further pointer to a pattern of non-economic incorporation in Australia that involves limited discrimination and extensive integration.

Download Full-text

The Concept and Trajectory of Active Inclusion: Lithuanian Case

Filosofija Sociologija ◽

10.6001/fil-soc.v30i4.4156 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Sandra Krutulienė ◽

Rasa Miežienė ◽

Boguslavas Gruževskis

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Social Services ◽

Poverty Line ◽

Social Benefit ◽

Poverty Rate ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Unemployment Benefit ◽

Family Status ◽

Absolute Poverty ◽

Minimum Income

The article analyses the two dimensions of Active Inclusion Strategy (the provision of adequate income and inclusive labour market) in the country (due to limitation of the scope of the article, the empirical part does not reflect the social services dimension). The analysis revealed that during the period of 2009–2017, the adequacy of the guaranteed minimum income in Lithuania was constantly decreasing, while the differences between persons with different family status were widening. The minimum needs of some population groups remain unmet: in 2018, both the average social benefit and unemployment benefit in Lithuania were below the absolute poverty line, and the at-riskof-poverty rate of the unemployed in Lithuania was as high as 62.3%. The analysis also showed that the labour market in Lithuania is not sufficiently inclusive due to relatively low and non-motivating wages. The unemployment trap rate in Lithuania remained high throughout 2009–2018; in 2017, the indicator was by 15 percentage points higher than the EU-28 average. The high unemployment trap rate in the country indicates that there is a strong incentive to remain unemployed as income from employment will only be slightly higher than the unemployment benefits. The high incidence of involuntary part-time work in Lithuania (30.6% in 2017) and the decline in the transition from temporary to permanent employment contracts since 2011 also indicate that the Lithuanian labour market is not sufficiently inclusive.

Download Full-text

Overlap Between Industrial Niching and Workplace Segregation: Role of Immigration Policy, Culture and Country of Origin

Social Inclusion ◽

10.17645/si.v9i2.3640 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 179-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anastasia Sinitsyna ◽

Karin Torpan ◽

Raul Eamets ◽

Tiit Tammaru

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Immigration Policy ◽

Migrant Workers ◽

Market Integration ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Labour Market Integration ◽

Gender Based ◽

Cultural Similarity

This article focuses on two dimensions of labour market integration, sorting into different industries (niching) and sorting into workplace establishments (segregation) by share of migrant workers. We seek to understand to what degree these two dimensions of immigrants’ lack of labour market integration—niching and segregation—overlap with each other. The study is based on Finnish individual, panel and relational registry data, and we focus on the three largest immigrant groups—Estonians, Russians and Swedes—who have arrived from countries with different wealth levels to the Helsinki metropolitan area. By applying generalised structural equation modelling, we estimate industrial niching and workplace segregation—measured as a degree of overconcentration of immigrants in particular industries and workplace establishments, respectively—jointly. Our main findings show a strong overlap between niching and segregation for all ethnic groups. Segregation and niching levels are the highest among Estonians, but very similar for Russians and Swedes. These findings do not support the cultural similarity argument in immigrant labour market integration. Rather, immigration policy and origin country wealth level may be determinant. Additionally, we found that females are more likely than males to be employed simultaneously in niched industries and segregated workplace establishments, supporting the thesis of gender-based networks.

Download Full-text

The tangled web of agency

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x17001170 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Author(s):

Alain Pe-Curto ◽

Julien A. Deonna ◽

David Sander

Keyword(s):

Two Dimensions ◽

Bad Company

AbstractWe characterize Doris's anti-reflectivist, collaborativist, valuational theory along two dimensions. The first dimension is socialentanglement, according to which cognition, agency, and selves are socially embedded. The second dimension isdisentanglement, the valuational element of the theory that licenses the anchoring of agency and responsibility in distinct actors. We then present an issue for the account: theproblem of bad company.

Download Full-text

A transmission electron microscopic study of structural transitions in fast ionic conductors

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100125713 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 156-157

Author(s):

R. B. Queenan ◽

P. K. Davies

Keyword(s):

Optical Properties ◽

Ionic Conduction ◽

Recent Observation ◽

Ionic Conductivities ◽

Sodium Aluminate ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Ionic Conductors ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Trivalent Cations

Na ß“-alumina (Na1.67Mg67Al10.33O17) is a non-stoichiometric sodium aluminate which exhibits fast ionic conduction of the Na+ ions in two dimensions. The Na+ ions can be exchanged with a variety of mono-, di-, and trivalent cations. The resulting exchanged materials also show high ionic conductivities.Considerable interest in the Na+-Nd3+-ß“-aluminas has been generated as a result of the recent observation of lasing in the pulsed and cw modes. A recent TEM investigation on a 100% exchanged Nd ß“-alumina sample found evidence for the intergrowth of two different structure types. Microdiffraction revealed an ordered phase coexisting with an apparently disordered phase, in which the cations are completely randomized in two dimensions. If an order-disorder transition is present then the cooling rates would be expected to affect the microstructures of these materials which may in turn affect the optical properties. The purpose of this work was to investigate the affect of thermal treatments upon the micro-structural and optical properties of these materials.

Download Full-text

Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy and Three-Dimesnsional Reconstruction of the Mitotic Spindles of Unequally Dividing Embryonic Cells

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100158376 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 166-167

Author(s):

J. Holy ◽

G. Schatten

Keyword(s):

Confocal Microscopy ◽

Mitotic Spindle ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Embryonic Cells ◽

Mitotic Spindles ◽

Cleavage Division ◽

Scanning Confocal Microscopy

One of the classic limitations of light microscopy has been the fact that three dimensional biological events could only be visualized in two dimensions. Recently, this shortcoming has been overcome by combining the technologies of laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and computer processing of microscopical data by volume rendering methods. We have employed these techniques to examine morphogenetic events characterizing early development of sea urchin embryos. Specifically, the fourth cleavage division was examined because it is at this point that the first morphological signs of cell differentiation appear, manifested in the production of macromeres and micromeres by unequally dividing vegetal blastomeres.The mitotic spindle within vegetal blastomeres undergoing unequal cleavage are highly polarized and develop specialized, flattened asters toward the micromere pole. In order to reconstruct the three-dimensional features of these spindles, both isolated spindles and intact, extracted embryos were fluorescently labeled with antibodies directed against either centrosomes or tubulin.

Download Full-text