Toggle-like current-induced Bloch point dynamics of 3D skyrmion strings in a room-temperature nanowire

Research into practical applications of magnetic skyrmions, nanoscale solitons with interesting topological and transport properties [1,2], has traditionally focused on two dimensional (2D) thin-film systems[3,4]. However, the recent observation of novel three dimensional (3D) skyrmion-like structures, such as hopfions [5], skyrmion strings (SkS) [6-9], skyrmion bundles [11] and skyrmion braids [12], motivates the investigation of new designs, aiming to exploit the third spatial dimension for more compact and higher performance spintronic devices in 3D or curvilinear geometries [13-15]. A crucial requirement of such device schemes is the control of the 3D magnetic structures via charge or spin currents, which has yet to be experimentally observed. In this work, we utilise real-space imaging to investigate the dynamics of a 3D SkS within a nanowire of Co8Zn9Mn3 at room temperature. Utilising single, nanoscale current pulses, we demonstrate current-induced nucleation of a single SkS, and a toggle-like positional switching of an individual Bloch point at the end of a SkS. The observations highlight the possibility to locally manipulate 3D topological spin textures, opening up a range of design concepts for future 3D spintronic devices.

Galaxy Formation, Evolution and Rotation as a 4D Relativistic Cloud-World Embedded in a 4D Conformal Bulk: From String to Cloud Theory

The recent observation of the G2 gas cloud orbit around the galactic centre has challenged the model of a mere supermassive black hole that should have destroyed it. In addition, the Planck Legacy 2018 (PL18) release has preferred a positively curved early Universe with a confidence level exceeding 99%. In this study, the formation of a galaxy from the collapse of a supermassive gas cloud in the early Universe is modelled based on extended field equations as a 4D relativistic cloud-world that flows and spins through a 4D conformal bulk of an initial positive curvature considering the preference of the PL18 release. Owning to the curved background, this scenario of galaxy formation reveals that the core of the galaxy undergoes a forced vortex formation with a central event horizon leading to opposite vortices (traversable wormholes) that are spatially shrinking through evolving in the conformal time. It indicates that the galaxy and its core are formed at the same process where the surrounding gas clouds form the spiral arms due to the frame-dragging induced by the fast-rotating core. Further, the bulk conformal curvature evolution demonstrates the fast orbital speed of outer stars owing to external fields exerted on galaxies as they travel through conformally curved space-time. Accordingly, the G2 gas cloud that only faced the drag effects could be explained if its orbit is around the vortex but at a distance from the central event horizon. These findings could explain the fast orbital speed of outer stars where the galaxy formation and its core simultaneously could explain the formation of the supermassive compact galaxy cores with a mass of ~109 M⊙ at just 6% of the current Universe age and thus could resolve the black hole hierarchy problem.

Investigation of atovaquone-induced spatial changes in tumour hypoxia assessed by hypoxia PET/CT in non-small cell lung cancer patients

Background Tumour hypoxia promotes an aggressive tumour phenotype and enhances resistance to anticancer treatments. Following the recent observation that the mitochondrial inhibitor atovaquone increases tumour oxygenation in NSCLC, we sought to assess whether atovaquone affects tumour subregions differently depending on their level of hypoxia. Methods Patients with resectable NSCLC participated in the ATOM trial (NCT02628080). Cohort 1 (n = 15) received atovaquone treatment, whilst cohort 2 (n = 15) did not. Hypoxia-related metrics, including change in mean tumour-to-blood ratio, tumour hypoxic volume, and fraction of hypoxic voxels, were assessed using hypoxia PET imaging. Tumours were divided into four subregions or distance categories: edge, outer, inner, and centre, using MATLAB. Results Atovaquone-induced reduction in tumour hypoxia mostly occurred in the inner and outer tumour subregions, and to a lesser extent in the centre subregion. Atovaquone did not seem to act in the edge subregion, which was the only tumour subregion that was non-hypoxic at baseline. Notably, the most intensely hypoxic tumour voxels, and therefore the most radiobiologically resistant areas, were subject to the most pronounced decrease in hypoxia in the different subregions. Conclusions This study provides insights into the action of atovaquone in tumour subregions that help to better understand its role as a novel tumour radiosensitiser. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT0262808. Registered 11th December 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02628080

The effect of changing sea ice on nearshore wave climate trends along Alaska’s central Beaufort Sea coast

Diminishing sea ice is impacting the wave field across the Arctic region. Recent observation and model-based studies highlight the spatiotemporal influence of sea ice on offshore wave climatologies, but effects within the nearshore region are still poorly described. This study characterizes the wave climate in the central Beaufort Sea coast from 1979 to 2019 by utilizing a wave hindcast model that uses ERA5 winds, waves, and ice concentrations as input. The spectral wave model SWAN is calibrated and validated based on more than 10,000 in situ measurements collected over a 13-year time period across the region, with friction variations and empirical coefficients for newly implemented empirical ice formulations for the open water season. Model results and trends are analyzed over the 41-year time period using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall test, including an estimate of Sen’s slope. The model results show that the reduction of sea ice concentration correlates strongly with increases in average and extreme wave conditions. In particular, the open water season extended by ~96 days over the 41-year time period (~2.4 days/yr), resulting in a five-fold increase of the yearly cumulative wave power. Moreover, the open water season extends later into the year, resulting in relatively open-water conditions during fall storms with high wind speeds. The later freeze-up results in an increase of the annual offshore median wave heights of 1 % per year and an increase in the average number of rough wave days (defined as days when maximum wave heights exceed 2.5 m) from 1.5 in 1979 to 13.1 days in 2019. Trends in the nearshore areas deviate from the patterns offshore. Model results indicate a non-breaking depth-induced saturation limit for high wave heights in the shallow areas of Foggy Island Bay. Similar patterns are found for yearly cumulative wave power.

A Classical Physics Approach for Space Expansion: The Hubble Drift

Accelerating expansion of metric space AEMS is investigated with classical Newtonian mechanics. Relying on earlier positions, the results are analyzed to reveal what could be a new understanding of the theoretical framework of the subject. Notably, it is shown that space is physical; it comprises aggregated waveforms of the chemical elements and shares identical quantization, periodicity and mass-evolution with matter. Three plausible methods are identified for classical investigation of the Hubble effect, all three give same result, Ho= 49.5 km s-1Mpc. AEMS results from coupling of light’s 36.9o tangential component (vr=0.75rω) to periodic space, i.e., a component of the vacuum field’s e-m radiation couples to logarithmically decreasing distance scales, vr(E)/drE, to create an acceleration relative to space not time. Multiplicity of the Hubble constant aHo is traceable to corresponding multiplicity of universes nested within our universe. Mass ejection from a cosmic quantum envelope is the cosmic equivalence of radioactivity, it signals ageing and eventual disappearance of the host periodic envelope from visibility. Reality is an imperturbable (ideal) Steady-State, observations thought to invalidate this view are hugely misinterpreted, an explosion in or of spacetime marking the beginning of time could not conceivably sustain, over the aeons, an accelerating expansion of metric space; furthermore, the cosmic microwave background is the zero-point energy or vacuum radiation. The active galactic nucleus or black hole is not a singularity, it is a two-way valve that facilitates circulation of mass-energy matrices across the four phases or ref. frames of reality. There is no new creation of space or matter, only continuous recycling in line with NASA’s recent observation.

The explanation of some exotic states in the $$cs{\bar{c}}{\bar{s}}$$ tetraquark system

Inspired by the recent observation of $$\chi _{c0}(3930)$$ χ c 0 ( 3930 ) , X(4685) and X(4630) by the LHCb Collaboration and some exotic resonances such as X(4350), X(4500), etc. by several experiment collaborations, the $$cs{\bar{c}}{\bar{s}}$$ c s c ¯ s ¯ tetraquark systems with $$J^{PC}=0^{++}$$ J PC = 0 + + , $$1^{++}$$ 1 + + , $$1^{+-}$$ 1 + - and $$2^{++}$$ 2 + + are systematically investigated in the framework of the quark delocalization color screening model(QDCSM). Two structures, the meson–meson and diquark–antidiquark structures, as well as the channel-coupling of all channels of these two configurations are considered in this work. The numerical results indicate that the molecular bound state $$D^{-}_{s}D_{s}^{+}$$ D s - D s + with $$J^{PC}=00^{++}$$ J PC = 00 + + can be supposed to explain the $$\chi _{c0}(3930)$$ χ c 0 ( 3930 ) . Besides, by using the stabilization method, several resonant states are obtained. Among these states, X(4350), X(4500) and X(4700) can be explained as the compact tetraquark states with $$J^{PC}=00^{++}$$ J PC = 00 + + , and the X(4274) is possible to be a candidate of the compact tetraquark state with $$J^{PC}=1^{++}$$ J PC = 1 + + . Apart from that, the $$J^{PC}=0^{++}$$ J PC = 0 + + resonance state with energy range 4028–4033 MeV, the two $$J^{PC}=2^{++}$$ J PC = 2 + + resonance states with energy range of 4394–4448 MeV and 4526–4536 MeV are possible to be new exotic states, which are indeed worthy of attention. More experimental tests are expected to check the existence of all these possible resonance states.

Galaxy Formation and Rotation as a 4D Relativistic Cloud-World Embedded in a 4D Conformal Background: A Cloud Theory

The recent observation of the G2 gas cloud orbit around the galactic centre has challenged the model of a mere supermassive black hole at the centre of our galaxy which should have destroyed it. In addition, the Planck Legacy 2018 (PL18) release has preferred a positively curved early Universe with a confidence level exceeding 99%. In this study, the collapse of a large gas cloud in the early Universe to form a galaxy is modelled based on extended field equations as a 4D relativistic CloudWorld that flows and spins through a 4D independent conformal background of an initial positive curvature considering the preference of the PL18 release. Owning to the curved background, this scenario of galaxy formation indicates that the core of the galaxy undergoes a forced vortex formation with a central event horizon leading to opposite traversable wormholes that are spatially shrinking through the conformal time. It reveals that the galaxy and its core are formed at the same process where the surrounding gas clouds form the spiral arms due to the frame-dragging induced by the fast-rotating core. Accordingly, the G2 gas cloud that only faced the drag effects could be explained if its orbit is around the wormhole but at a distance from the central event horizon. The formation of the galaxy and its core simultaneously could explain the formation of the supermassive compact galaxy cores with a mass of ~109 M⊙ at just 6% of the current Universe age and could resolve the black hole hierarchy problem.

An Interferometric Method for Particle Mass Measurements

We present an interferometric method suitable to measure particle masses and, where applicable to the particle and its corresponding antiparticle, their mass ratio in order to detect possible symmetry violations between matter and antimatter. The method is based on interferometric techniques tunable to the specific mass range of the particle under consideration. The case study of electron and positron is presented, following the recent observation of positron interferometry.

Congenital cervical teratoma: about a case

Congenital cervical teratomas are benign but serious germinative cell tumors. The possibility of air compression structures and the risk of invasion of vascular and nervous noble elements are crucial prognostic factors in this kind of tumor. Prenatal diagnosis raises on ultrasound examination precising locoregional consequences of the tumor and surgical possibilities. In the propitious cases, prenatal MRI examination is useful to precise tumor’s limits and cerebral status of the foetus. At birth, coordinate management involving anaesthetists, paediatricians and specialized surgeons decrease morbidity and mortality. The recent observation of a case gave us the opportunity to make a literature review of this exceptional afection. It was a newborn female, aged 25 days allowed for anterior cervical mass evolving since the birth associated with moderate dyspnea. Cervical ultrasound coupled to CT scan had objectified a heterogeneous mass with cystic areas and calcifications. The excision was complete and the histopathological study revealed a mature teratoma. The postoperative course was uneventful, with some food and phonatory transient disorders. Cosmetic outcome at 6 months was excellent. Cervical teratoma is a rare tumor, diagnosed mainly in the neonatal period, which requires a prenatal diagnosis and multidisciplinary early management. The prognosis depends mainly on the presence of neonatal respiratory distress and histological form. There are opportunities sudden worsening respiratory and malignant transformation that justify early surgical excision and prolonged follow-up.

Implications of the XENON1T excess on the dark matter interpretation

The dark matter interpretation for a recent observation of excessive electron recoil events at the XENON1T detector seems challenging because its velocity is not large enough to give rise to recoiling electrons of $$ \mathcal{O}\left(\mathrm{keV}\right) $$ O keV . Fast-moving or boosted dark matter scenarios are receiving attention as a remedy for this issue, rendering the dark matter interpretation a possibility to explain the anomaly. We investigate various scenarios where such dark matter of spin 0 and 1/2 interacts with electrons via an exchange of vector, axial-vector, pseudo-scalar, or scalar mediators. We find parameter values not only to reproduce the excess but to be consistent with existing bounds. Our study suggests that the scales of mass and coupling parameters preferred by the excess can be mostly affected by the type of mediator, and that significantly boosted dark matter can explain the excess depending on the mediator type and its mass choice. The method proposed in this work is general, and hence readily applicable to the interpretation of observed data in the dark matter direct detection experiment.