Grouping and Short-Term Memory: Different Means and Patterns of Grouping

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Serial Position Curve ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Regular Pattern ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Grouping

Two experiments, concerned with the improving effects of grouping on auditory short-term memory, are described. In the first, temporal grouping was found to improve recall considerably, but non-temporal grouping had a much smaller effect. Temporal grouping reduced the order errors more than other errors; it also changed the pattern of the order errors. Further, it altered the shape of the serial position curve of all errors. In the second experiment, irregular patterns of temporal grouping were found to be inferior to a regular pattern. The results are discussed in terms of the time available for processing previous items during the presentation of a sequence, and the form that this processing may take.

Inverting the modality effect in serial recall

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Philip Beaman
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Serial Recall ◽  
Serial Position Curve ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Verbal Material ◽  
Modality Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Immediate Serial Recall

Differences in recall ability between immediate serial recall of auditorily and visually presented verbal material have traditionally been considered restricted to the end of to-be-recalled lists, the recency section of the serial position curve (e.g., Crowder & Morton, 1969). Later studies showed that—under certain circumstances–differences in recall between the two modalities can be observed across the whole of the list (Frankish, 1985). However in all these studies the advantage observed is for recall of material presented in the auditorily modality. Six separate conditions across four experiments demonstrate that a visual advantage can be obtained with serial recall if participants are required to recall the list in two distinct sections using serial recall. Judged on a list-wide basis, the visual advantage is of equivalent size to the auditory advantage of the classical modality effect. The results demonstrate that differences in representation of auditory and visual verbal material in short-term memory persist beyond lexical and phonological categorization and are problematic for current theories of the modality effect.

Temporal Grouping, Rehearsal and Short-Term Memory

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Grouping

The effects of temporal grouping on auditory short-term memory are investigated, using pauses of different lengths to indicate the groups. No quantitative or qualitative differences were found between the shorter and longer pauses. This result, in conjunction with an analysis of the order errors, is used to suggest what kind of processing occurs during the pauses. This processing is selective, recoding the information about order according to position within a group.

Effects of Temporal Grouping on Multi-Trial Free Recall

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Frankel ◽  
Steven G. Ames
Keyword(s):  
Free Recall ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Temporal Grouping ◽  
Word Lists ◽  
Presentation Time

In two experiments, subjects were given 4 presentations of a list divided temporally into 5 groups of 3 items each (grouped) or received the same word lists at a constant rate of presentation (ungrouped) and matched for over-all presentation time. Grouped presentation enhanced recall only in the later serial positions while decreasing recall in the middle serial positions. Results of Exp. I also showed differences in order of recall. The results of Exp. II demonstrated that order of recall was not related to the differences in recall produced by grouping. Implications for short-term memory and memory consolidation were discussed.

Serial-Position Effects in Motor Short-Term Memory

1977 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Magill ◽  
Martha Nann Dowell
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Serial Position Effects ◽  
Term Memory

scholarly journals Temporal grouping effects in musical short-term memory

Memory ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 831-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Gorin ◽  
Pierre Mengal ◽  
Steve Majerus
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Grouping

scholarly journals Long-term memory of real-world episodes is independent of recency effects: magic tricks as ecological tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bestue ◽  
Luis M. Martínez ◽  
Alex Gomez-Marin ◽  
Jordi Camí
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Position Effects ◽  
Serial Position Effects ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Recency Effects ◽  
Episodic Memories

How episodic memories decay is an unresolved question in cognitive neuroscience. The role of short-term mechanisms regarding the decay of episodic memories is circumscribed to set the maximum recall from which a monotonic decay occurs. However, this sequential view from the short to the long-term is not compulsory, as short-term dependent memory gains (like recency effects when memorizing a list of elements; serial-position effects) may not be translated into long-term memory differences. Moreover, producing memorable events in the laboratory faces important challenges, such as recreating realistic conditions with elevated recall, or avoiding spontaneous retrievals during memory retention (sociocultural hooks). Here we propose the use of magic to enhance the study of memory. We designed a sequence of magic tricks performed live on stage to evaluate the interaction between memory decay and serial-position effects of those tricks. The audience was asked to freely recall the tricks at four different timepoints: just after the show, 10 days, 1.5 months and 4.5 months. We discovered serial-position differences after the show that were no longer present later on, suggesting that short-term memory gains do not translate into the long-term. Illustrating the power of naturalistic stimuli to study long-term memory while interrogating the interaction between short-term and long-term mechanisms, this work is, to our knowledge, the first scientific study of the memorability of magic tricks.

scholarly journals Dynamics of serial position change in probe-recognition task

Psihologija ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 261-285
Author(s):  
Mario Fific
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Serial Position Effect ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Position Change ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Probe Recognition

Relationship between practice and serial position effects was investigated, in order to obtain more evidence for underlying short-term memory processes. The investigated relationship is termed the dynamics of serial position change. To address this issue, the present study investigated mean latency, errors, and performed Ex-Gaussian convolution analysis. In six-block trials the probe-recognition task was used in the so-called fast experimental procedure. The serial position effect was significant in all six blocks. Both primacy and recency effects were detected, with primacy located in the first two blocks, producing a non-linear serial position effect. Although the serial position function became linear from the third block on, the convolution analysis revealed a non-linear change of the normal distribution parameter, suggesting special status of the last two serial positions. Further, separation of convolution parameters for serial position and practice was observed, suggesting different underlying mechanisms. In order to account for these findings, a strategy shift mechanism is suggested, rather then a mechanism based on changing the manner of memory scanning. Its influence is primarily located at the very beginning of the experimental session. The pattern of results of errors regarding the dynamics of serial position change closely paralleled those on reaction times. Several models of short-term memory were evaluated in order to account for these findings.

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