The functionality of class-numerical indicators in suffixes of adjectives of the Dargin languages

This article examines the class-numerical indicators functioning in the suffixes of adjectives of the Dargin languages that belong to the Nakh-Daghestanian language family. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that these languages have rich morphological system; however, many grammatical categories are yet to be studied. The goal of this work is to determine the etymology of suffix indicator -ch-b (-v,- p), which forms the adjectives and contains an Aslaut changing class indicator. For achieving the set goal, the article employs comparative-historical analysis and descriptive method; for collecting verbal material of various idioms – the methods of field linguistics. The novelty consists in the fact that this attributivizer is analyzed from the comparative-historical perspective in the Dargin studies for the first time. It is established that the morpheme under review is formed from the short form of the adverb of place chedi (ch-) “upwards”. In  the Dargin languages, it functions in form of the essive comprised by affixing class indicators to the lative form. With evolution of the language, this morpheme has been grammaticalized. The acquired results can be applied in preparing comparative-historical grammar of the Dargin languages, teaching the course of the Dargin literary language, as well as in typological research.

Transitivity Shift in the Translated Official Website of Indonesian Ministry of Health

The objectives of this research are to depict the shift of transitivity that happen brought about by applying interpretation strategies in the translation on the site of Indonesian Ministry of Health. This research is Transitivity Shift In The Translated Official Website Of Indonesian Ministry Of Health. The samples of the research were clauses under the classification of experiential capacity that experience a shift in transitivity. The data were gathered by using the observation strategy. This strategy specifically selects articles that regulate Covid-19 and their translations in English. It has to carefully read every provision in the source language, then finding transitivity shifts by grouping it according to the experience capacity function. This research was analyzed by qualitative descriptive method and Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) approach. The findings showed that there are the transitivity shifts in the articles that published on 20th July and 11th September 2020. In conclusion, the transitivity shift in the analyzed articles, there are transitivity shifts on existential to verbal, material to relational, behavioral to material, verbal to relational and relational to existential. Nonetheless, there is no shift involving mental process in the two articles.

Autopsie einer Graphic Novel: Dostoevskijs Prestuplenie i nakazanie (1866) in der Adaption von Alain Korkos und David Zane Mairowitz (2008)

Summary This study offers a comprehensive comparative analysis between F. M. Dostoevskij’s classic Prestuplenie i nakazanie (PSS 6, 1973) and the black-and-white adaptation Crime and Punishment created by Alain Korkos and David Zane Mairowitz (2008). According to author and artist, the adaptation is meant for recipients acquainted with the novel and first readers of the graphic novel alike. With 417 pages of close-printed canonic text turned into a picture-dominated graphic novel of 118 pages, the adaptation – paying attention to the sequence of crucial fictional scenes – follows the storyline from the beginning of the canonic text to the Epilogue. About 95 % of the precisely and densely formulated verbal material contained in captions can easily be traced back to Dostoevskij’s classic. In this respect, the adaptation is „true to the source material“ (Kick 2012). However, as large portions of text concerning Sonja or Sonja and Raskol’nikov are – discernibly purposefully – eliminated, the adaptation turns out to be a revised version of the canonic novel. E.g., Sonja neither reads the Lazarus-chapter to Raskol’nikov nor follows him to Siberia. In contrast to Sonja, Raskol’nikov – with his emotional-mental instability, rebellion against the state of the world, self-authorization to commit crimes – is represented in accordance with the source text. The hermeneutic gain caused through verbal-pictorial reproduction of the classic text – i. e. through meaningful handling of panels and graphic design within the panels – is significantly enlarged through verbal-pictorial material not inspired by the classic text, e. g. a poster showing Edvard Munch’s graphics The Cry. In view of the 21st century’s preference for visual and multimedial presentation, the study encourages the coexistence and ‚co-reception‘ of the literary classic and the graphic novel as well as further forms of cultural processing.

Emotional Nuance Enhances Verbatim Retention of Written Materials

Recent studies have demonstrated that details of verbal material are retained in memory. Further, converging evidence points to a memory-enhancing effect of emotion such that memory for emotional events is stronger than memory for neutral events. Building upon this work, it appears likely that verbatim sentence forms will be remembered better when tinged with emotional nuance. Most previous studies have focused on single words. The current study examines the role of emotional nuance in the verbatim retention of longer sentences in written material. In this study, participants silently read transcriptions of spontaneous narratives, half of which had been delivered within a context of emotional expression and the other half with neutral expression. Transcripts were taken from selected narratives that received the highest, most extreme ratings, neutral or emotional. Participants identified written excerpts in a yes/no recognition test. Results revealed that participants’ verbatim memory was significantly greater for excerpts from emotionally nuanced narratives than from neutral narratives. It is concluded that the narratives, pre-rated as emotional or neutral, drove this effect of emotion on verbatim retention. These findings expand a growing body of evidence for a role of emotion in memory, and lend support to episodic theories of language and the constructionist account.

Closing the door to false memory: the effects of levels-of-processing and stimulus type on the rejection of perceptually vs. semantically dissimilar distractors

False recognition memory for nonstudied items that share features with targets can be reduced by retrieval monitoring mechanisms. The recall-to-reject process, for example, involves the recollection of information about studied items that disqualifies inconsistent test probes. Monitoring for specific features during retrieval may be enhanced by an encoding orientation that is recapitulated during retrieval. In two experiments, we used concrete words or door scenes as materials and manipulated the level of processing at study and the type of distractors presented at test. We showed that for the verbal material, semantic level of processing at study results in an effective rejection of semantically inconsistent distractors. However, for the pictorial material, the perceptual level of processing leads to an effective rejection of perceptually inconsistent distractors. For targets, the effect of levels of processing was observed for words but not for pictures. The results suggest that retrieval monitoring mechanisms depend on interactions between encoding orientation, study materials, and differentiating features of distractors.

The effects of spacing and massing on children’s orthographic learning

Despite substantial evidence that distributing study opportunities over time improves the retention of learned verbal material compared to study trials that occur consecutively, the influence of temporal spacing on children’s learning of written words has not been investigated. This experiment examined whether temporal spacing influenced Grade 3 and 4 children’s (N=37; mean age 8 years, 7 months) learning of novel written words during independent reading, compared to massing. Children read sixteen sentences containing a novel word under either spaced (sentences appeared once in each of four blocks) or massed (four consecutive trials) conditions. After a delay, orthographic learning was assessed using recognition (orthographic choice) and recall (spelling to dictation) measures. Words experienced in the distributed condition were better recognised than those in the massed condition, but there was no effect on recall. These findings suggest that temporal spacing influences the acquisition of new written word forms, extending the potential utility of the spacing principle to reading acquisition.

Levels of Processing Affect Perceptual Features in Visual Associative Memory

The levels of processing (LOP) account has inspired thousands of studies with verbal material. The few studies investigating levels of processing with nonverbal stimuli used images with nameable objects that, like meaningful words, lend themselves to semantic processing. Thus, nothing is known about the effects of different levels of processing on basic visual perceptual features, such as color. Across four experiments, we tested 187 participants to investigate whether the LOP framework also applies to basic perceptual features in visual associative memory. For Experiments 1 and 2, we developed a paradigm to investigate recognition memory for associations of basic visual features. Participants had to memorize object–color associations (Experiment 1) and fractal–color associations (Experiment 2, to suppress verbalization). In Experiments 3 and 4, we extended our account to cued recall. All experiments revealed reliable LOP effects for basic perceptual features in visual associative memory. Our findings demonstrate that the LOP account is more universal than the current literature suggests.

Stylistic symmetry of the Methodius's translation of the Song of Songs

The article is devoted to the analysis of stylistic symmetry in Methodius' translation of the Song of Songs. The study was conducted from a rather unexpected position, namely – using the linguo-folkloristic approach. The rationale for this approach is that it's subject is a folklore text, a collection of wedding songs, which later underwent exquisite literary and book processing. It is concluded that the realizations of the poetic technique of stylistic symmetry found here are based on the same syntactic construction of the members that make it up. Parts of this construction are presented as semantic additions to each other. Adjacent constructions similar in syntactic structure were found with sublime depictions and chants of brides, their beauty and perfection, love. Based on the studied material, it was found that, although in all found examples the components of stylistic symmetry are not identical as required by the logic of reception, but in some of them at least a third of the verbal material of the first. Naturally, in such a poetic text as the Song of Songs, one could expect to come across a significant number of tropes and as part of the verbal embodiment of a stylistic device based on semantic parallelism. In fact, in the vast majority of examples they were recorded in both parts of stylistic symmetry. These are comparisons, metaphors, epithets, allegories, hyperboles, highly artistic paraphrases, etc. Twice stylistic symmetry was built on the antithesis, in particular it was found in the praise of the bride. It has been found that the stylistic symmetry in the Song of Songs is productively explored in terms of ways to express the expressiveness of syntax: how, by what means similar or identical human emotions are reflected in related syntactic constructions. As for the reproduction of this Middle Eastern stylistic device in the Methodist translation of the Song of Songs, it demonstrates unsurpassed harmonious examples of expressive expressiveness and original variation of thought.

The mythological image of the owner of Altai: functions and semantics

The paper describes the mythological image of the owner of Altai in the religious beliefs and ritual culture of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples. It has been revealed that the degree of preservation of the Altai cult is currently undergoing certain changes, depending on the area of residence of a particular people. The image the owner of Altai has similar mythological, symbolic, virtual, and real features in different peoples existing in a single historical and cultural context. In most of the texts, the dominant functions in his character are those that personify the owner of the land and all living things on it, the patron of wealth, the deity of fertility and procreation. He embodies the features of a heavenly divine being and traditional land masters, making him similar to the White Elder from the Mongolian cultural tradition. We have studied the features of the folklore text functioning in ritual practice, considered the ritual text structure, determined the stable motives of ritual texts addressed to the spirit-master of Altai, and characterized the ethnic specifics of the sacralization and deification of the Altai space in the traditions of the Turkic-Mongolian world. It should be noted that ritual and mythological contexts suggest that connotative semantics reveals the ancient origins of the primary denotation with the help of epithets determining the sacred character meaning. The verbal material analysis has revealed that in some cases, the primary denotative sign is lost or acquires a new mythological version over time.