Sodium Amylobarbitone and Responses to Nonreward*

1979 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Feldon ◽  
A. Guillamon ◽  
Jeffrey A. Gray ◽  
H. de Wit ◽  
N. McNaughton
Keyword(s):  
Food Reward ◽  
Single Alternation ◽  
Goal Section ◽  
Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect ◽  
Water Reward ◽  
State Dependency ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Start Section ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
After Effect

Three experiments are reported testing two alternative hypotheses concerning the behavioural effects of sodium amylobarbitone (SA): (1) that it blocks the after-effect of nonreward; (2) that it blocks conditioned frustration, elicited by stimuli associated with nonreward. In support of (2) Experiment I showed that SA given in acquisition abolished the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) when rats were run at one trial a day in an alley for food reward on a continuous (CRF) or partial (PRF) reinforcement schedule. Experiment II showed that, in the goal section, the effect of the drug on the PREE was due to its presence during acquisition and was not due to state dependency; but the effect of the drug in the start section was consistent with state dependency of the PREE. In Experiment III, in opposition to (1) and again in support of (2), SA given to rats trained to show patterned running for water reward on a single alternation schedule blocked patterning by increasing running speeds on nonreward trials, not by decreasing running speeds on rewarded trials.

Effects of Medial and Lateral Septal Lesions on the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect at Short Inter-Trial Intervals

1979 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 675-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Feldon ◽  
J. A. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Theta Rhythm ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Straight Alley ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Medial Septal Area ◽  
Septal Lesions ◽  
Hippocampal Theta

Rats sustained electrolytic lesions either in the medial septal (MS) area (of a kind known to eliminate the hippocampal theta rhythm) or in the dorso-lateral septal (LS) area (of a kind known to spare theta) and were compared to sham-operated controls in three experiments in the straight alley with food reward on continuous (CRF) or partial (PRF) reinforcement and inter-trial intervals of 3-8 min. With 6 acquisition trials MS lesions increased resistance to extinction and enhanced the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE). With 48 acquisition trials MS lesions did not alter resistance to extinction after either CRF or PRF training, but LS lesions abolished the PREE by increasing resistance to extinction in rats trained with CRF and decreasing it in rats trained with PRF. With 96 acquisition trials LS lesions were without effect on resistance to extinction after either CRF or PRF training, as previously reported by Henke (1974) using total septal lesions. Thus the impairment in the PREE previously shown after large septal lesions is due to damage to the lateral, not the medial, septal area.

Behavioural Inhibition and the Age at Social Isolation in Rats

1984 ◽  
Vol 36 (1b) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Dalrymple-Alford ◽  
David Benton
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Maze Learning ◽  
Housing Condition ◽  
Behavioural Inhibition ◽  
Water Reward ◽  
Behavioural Effects ◽  
Socially Isolated ◽  
The Many

Rats that were socially isolated or group-housed at weaning were re-housed at 51 days of age in either the same housing condition or the opposite housing condition until 91 days and throughout subsequent behavioural testing. Increased resistance to extinction of running in an alley and poorer Hebb-Williams maze learning were found only after social isolation between 23 and 51 days of age. In contrast, slower running to reach the water reward during alley training and lower rearing activity at the beginning of open field testing were evident only in rats that were isolated at the time of testing. As in previous studies, open field hyperactivity was found in rats isolated at weaning but slower emergence latency was found in animals isolated at the time of testing. These findings confirm that the many behavioural effects of social isolation at different ages do not reflect a unitary aetiology. The behaviour of rats isolated at weaning is suggestive of a “disinhibition syndrome” but the precise nature of this syndrome is as yet unclear.

Trajectory Planning of Mobile Robots Using DNA Computing

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuo Kiguchi ◽  
◽  
Keigo Watanabe ◽  
Toshio Fukuda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Robots ◽  
Trajectory Planning ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Dna Computing ◽  
Goal Section ◽  
Work Area ◽  
Start Section ◽  
Electronic Computers ◽  
Dna Computers ◽  
Optimal Trajectory Planning

DNA computers are attracting increasing attention as next-generation replacements for conventional electronic computers. Computation is realized using the chemical reaction of DNA. This paper presents optimal trajectory planning for mobile robots using DNA computing. The working area of a mobile robot is divided into many sections and the shortest trajectory avoiding obstacles in the work area is calculated by DNA computing. The location of obstacles is known in advance. In DNA computing, Watson-Crick pairing is used to find this trajectory. DNA sequences representing locations of obstacles are removed in this process. The shortest DNA molecule that begins with the start section and terminates with the goal section represents the shortest trajectory avoiding obstacles in the robot’s work area. The proposed algorithm is especially effective with a DNA molecular computer.

Effects of Medial and Lateral Septal Lesions on the Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect at One Trial a Day

1979 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 653-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Feldon ◽  
J. A. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Theta Rhythm ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Straight Alley ◽  
Partial Reinforcement ◽  
Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect ◽  
Resistance To Extinction ◽  
Double Dissociation ◽  
Electrolytic Lesions ◽  
Septal Lesions ◽  
Hippocampal Theta

Rats sustained electrolytic lesions of either the medial septal (MS) area (of a kind known to eliminate the hippocampal theta rhythm) or the dorso-lateral septal (LS) area (of a kind known to spare theta) or both (a “total septal”, TS, lesion). They were compared to sham-operated controls in three experiments in the straight alley with food reward on continuous (CRF) or partial (PRF) reinforcement at one trial a day. MS lesions either left the partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE) unchanged or enhanced it; LS lesions substantially reduced the PREE. The latter effect was due to a fall in resistance to extinction in PRF animals with no change in CRF animals. MS lesions greatly increased resistance to extinction in both CRF and PRF animals in one experiment but increased resistance to extinction only marginally and only in PRF animals in a second experiment. The TS lesion acted like the LS lesion. These results demonstrate a clear double dissociation between the effects of MS and LS lesions, especially in the PRF condition (LS lesions reduce resistance to extinction, MS lesions increase it).

The Relationship of Interrogative Suggestibility to Memory and Attention

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.C. Howard ◽  
A. Chaiwutikornwanich
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Irrelevant Distractors ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Visual Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Interrogative Suggestibility ◽  
Task Irrelevant

This study combined an individual differences approach to interrogative suggestibility (IS) with ERP recordings to examine two alternative hypotheses regarding the source of individual differences in IS: (1) differences in attention to task-relevant vis-à-vis task-irrelevant stimuli, and (2) differences in one or more memory processes, indexed by ERP old/new effects. Sixty-five female participants underwent an ERP recording during the 50 min interval between immediate and delayed recall of a short story. ERPs elicited by pictures that either related to the story (“old”), or did not relate to the story (“new”), were recorded using a three-stimulus visual oddball paradigm. ERP old/new effects were examined at selected scalp regions of interest at three post-stimulus intervals: early (250-350 ms), middle (350-700 ms), and late (700-1100 ms). In addition, attention-related ERP components (N1, P2, N2, and P3) evoked by story-relevant pictures, story-irrelevant pictures, and irrelevant distractors were measured from midline electrodes. Late (700-1100 ms) frontal ERP old/new differences reflected individual differences in IS, while early (250-350 ms) and middle latency (350-700 ms) ERP old/new differences distinguished good from poor performers in memory and oddball tasks, respectively. Differences in IS were not reflected in ERP indices of attention. Results supported an account of IS as reflecting individual differences in postretrieval memory processes.

The neuroscience of food reward

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. N. Van der Laan ◽  
P. A. M. Smeets ◽  
M. A. Viergever ◽  
D. T. D. De Ridder
Keyword(s):  
Food Reward
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