The Negative Priming Effect: Inhibitory Priming by Ignored Objects

1985 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Tipper
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Negative Priming Effect ◽  
Probe Display ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Prime Display ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Naming Latencies ◽  
Selection Of

A priming paradigm was employed to investigate the processing of an ignored object during selection of an attended object. Two issues were investigated: the level of internal representation achieved for the ignored object, and the subsequent fate of this representation. In Experiment 1 a prime display containing two superimposed objects was briefly presented. One second later a probe display was presented containing an object to be named. If the ignored object in the prime display was the same as the subsequent probe, naming latencies were impaired. This effect is termed negative priming. It suggests that internal representations of the ignored object may become associated with inhibition during selection. Thus, selection of a subsequent probe object requiring these inhibited representations is delayed. Experiment 2 replicated the negative priming effect with a shorter inter-stimulus interval. Experiment 3 examined the priming effects of both the ignored and the selected objects. The effect of both identity repetition and a categorical relationship between prime and probe stimuli were investigated. The data showed that for a stimulus selected from the prime display, naming of the same object in the probe display was facilitated. When the same stimulus was ignored in the prime display, however, naming of it in the probe display was again impaired (negative priming). That negative priming was also demonstrated with categorically related objects suggests that ignored objects achieve categorical levels of representation, and that the inhibition may be at this level.

Selective Attention and Priming: Inhibitory and Facilitatory Effects of Ignored Primes

1985 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Tipper ◽  
Margaret Cranston
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Negative Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Negative Priming Effect ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Reading Task ◽  
Naming Latencies

The priming effects of ignored information have been studied in Stroop displays (Neill, 1977) and with spatially superimposed drawings (Tipper, in this issue); naming of probes related to ignored primes is delayed in these experiments (“negative priming”). This negative priming effect is confirmed in a list reading task in Experiment 1, which used partially superimposed letters, and Experiment 2, which used spatially separated letters. Furthermore, Lowe (1979) using Stroop colour words observed that changing the nature of the probe such that it did not require selection from a competing word reversed the priming effects of the ignored word from inhibition to facilitation. Experiment 3 confirmed this observation when subjects selected a red letter from a green letter. Two models are suggested to account for this result. In the first, negative priming is a product of the ignored prime and subsequent probe being encoded both as a stimulus to be ignored and one to be named (Allport, Tipper and Chmiel, in press; Lowe, in press). This dual encoding is ambiguous, requiring further processing before response can be output. The other model suggests that negative priming reflects inhibition of response to ignored information, slowing naming latencies to probe stimuli that require the same response. Experiment 4 attempts to differentiate between the models, and the latter inhibition view is preferred.

Controlled Processing in Single-Prime Negative Priming

2008 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 402-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsuan-Fu Chao ◽  
Yei-Yu Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Memory Load ◽  
Attentional Selection ◽  
Negative Priming Effect ◽  
Prime Stimulus ◽  
Controlled Processing ◽  
Prime Selection ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Delayed Responses

Negative priming refers to delayed responses to previously ignored distractors. Unlike conventional studies of negative priming in which the attentional selection of a target against its distractors is required in prime trials (prime-selection negative priming), in single-prime negative priming, a prime stimulus is presented briefly. To further investigate the nature of single-prime negative priming, its properties were examined. In Experiment 1, the proportion of repetition was varied. The effect of single-prime negative priming was reduced when the proportion of repetition was high. In addition, Experiment 2 showed that high memory load could hamper the single-prime negative priming effect. Overall, the current study indicates controlled processing in single-prime negative priming and similarities between single-prime negative priming and prime-selection negative priming.

The Level of Reaction Time Determines the ERP Correlates of Auditory Negative Priming

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Mayr ◽  
Michael Niedeggen ◽  
Axel Buchner ◽  
Guido Orgs
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Negative Priming ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Negative Priming Effect ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Time Level ◽  
Fast Reactions ◽  
Priming Condition

Responding to a stimulus that had to be ignored previously is usually slowed-down (negative priming effect). This study investigates the reaction time and ERP effects of the negative priming phenomenon in the auditory domain. Thirty participants had to categorize sounds as musical instruments or animal voices. Reaction times were slowed-down in the negative priming condition relative to two control conditions. This effect was stronger for slow reactions (above intraindividual median) than for fast reactions (below intraindividual median). ERP analysis revealed a parietally located negativity of the negative priming condition compared to the control conditions between 550-730 ms poststimulus. This replicates the findings of Mayr, Niedeggen, Buchner, and Pietrowsky (2003) . The ERP correlate was more pronounced for slow trials (above intraindividual median) than for fast trials (below intraindividual median). The dependency of the negative priming effect size on the reaction time level found in the reaction time analysis as well as in the ERP analysis is consistent with both the inhibition as well as the episodic retrieval account of negative priming. A methodological artifact explanation of this effect-size dependency is discussed and discarded.

Negative priming effect on mineralization in a soil free of vegetation for 80 years

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Guenet ◽  
J. Leloup ◽  
X. Raynaud ◽  
G. Bardoux ◽  
L. Abbadie
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Negative Priming Effect

The negative priming effect in cognitive conflict processing

2016 ◽  
Vol 628 ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fada Pan ◽  
Liang Shi ◽  
Qingyun Lu ◽  
Xiaogang Wu ◽  
Song Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Negative Priming Effect ◽  
Conflict Processing

Negative Priming Effect

2013 ◽  
pp. 1987-1987
Author(s):  
Evdokia Anagnostou ◽  
Deepali Mankad ◽  
Joshua Diehl ◽  
Catherine Lord ◽  
Sarah Butler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Negative Priming Effect

scholarly journals Inhibited prime-trial distractor responses solely produce the visual spatial negative priming effect

2012 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1632-1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Buckolz ◽  
Cameron Edgar ◽  
Ben Kajaste ◽  
Michael Lok ◽  
Michael Khan
Keyword(s):  
Negative Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Negative Priming Effect ◽  
Prime Trial ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Spatial Negative Priming

scholarly journals The unidirectionality of semantic changes in grammaticalization: an experimental approach to the asymmetric priming hypothesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARTIN HILPERT ◽  
DAVID CORREIA SAAVEDRA
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Negative Priming ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Negative Priming Effect ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Maze Task ◽  
Psychological Phenomenon ◽  
Present Experimental Evidence

Why is semantic change in grammaticalization typically unidirectional? It is a well-established finding that in grammaticalizing constructions, more concrete meanings tend to evolve into more schematic meanings. Jäger & Rosenbach (2008) appeal to the psychological phenomenon of asymmetric priming in order to explain this tendency. This article aims to evaluate their proposal on the basis of experimental psycholinguistic evidence. Asymmetric priming is a pattern of cognitive association in which one idea strongly evokes another (i.e. paddle strongly evokes water), while that second idea does not evoke the first one with the same force (water only weakly evokes paddle). Asymmetric priming would elegantly explain why semantic change in grammaticalization tends to be unidirectional, as in the case of English be going to, which has evolved out of the lexical verb go. As yet, empirical engagement with Jäger & Rosenbach's hypothesis has been limited. We present experimental evidence from a maze task (Forster et al.2009), in which we test whether asymmetric priming obtains between lexical forms (such as go) and their grammaticalized counterparts (be going to). On the asymmetric priming hypothesis, the former should prime the latter, but not vice versa. Contrary to the hypothesis, we observe a negative priming effect: speakers who have recently been exposed to a lexical element are significantly slower to process its grammaticalized variant. We interpret this observation as a horror aequi phenomenon (Rohdenburg & Mondorf 2003).

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