Selective Attention and Priming: Inhibitory and Facilitatory Effects of Ignored Primes

The priming effects of ignored information have been studied in Stroop displays (Neill, 1977) and with spatially superimposed drawings (Tipper, in this issue); naming of probes related to ignored primes is delayed in these experiments (“negative priming”). This negative priming effect is confirmed in a list reading task in Experiment 1, which used partially superimposed letters, and Experiment 2, which used spatially separated letters. Furthermore, Lowe (1979) using Stroop colour words observed that changing the nature of the probe such that it did not require selection from a competing word reversed the priming effects of the ignored word from inhibition to facilitation. Experiment 3 confirmed this observation when subjects selected a red letter from a green letter. Two models are suggested to account for this result. In the first, negative priming is a product of the ignored prime and subsequent probe being encoded both as a stimulus to be ignored and one to be named (Allport, Tipper and Chmiel, in press; Lowe, in press). This dual encoding is ambiguous, requiring further processing before response can be output. The other model suggests that negative priming reflects inhibition of response to ignored information, slowing naming latencies to probe stimuli that require the same response. Experiment 4 attempts to differentiate between the models, and the latter inhibition view is preferred.

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Relation between autistic tendencies and selective attention: An investigation with Stroop effect and negative priming effect.

The Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association ◽

10.4992/pacjpa.77.0_2pm-040 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 77 (0) ◽

pp. 2PM-040-2PM-040

Author(s):

Ichiro SUGISHIMA ◽

Maimi MURAYAMA

Keyword(s):

Selective Attention ◽

Negative Priming ◽

Stroop Effect ◽

Priming Effect ◽

Negative Priming Effect

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The Negative Priming Effect: Inhibitory Priming by Ignored Objects

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A ◽

10.1080/14640748508400920 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 571-590 ◽

Cited By ~ 904

Author(s):

Steven P. Tipper

Keyword(s):

Negative Priming ◽

Priming Effect ◽

Internal Representation ◽

Negative Priming Effect ◽

Probe Display ◽

Stimulus Interval ◽

Prime Display ◽

Priming Paradigm ◽

Naming Latencies ◽

Selection Of

A priming paradigm was employed to investigate the processing of an ignored object during selection of an attended object. Two issues were investigated: the level of internal representation achieved for the ignored object, and the subsequent fate of this representation. In Experiment 1 a prime display containing two superimposed objects was briefly presented. One second later a probe display was presented containing an object to be named. If the ignored object in the prime display was the same as the subsequent probe, naming latencies were impaired. This effect is termed negative priming. It suggests that internal representations of the ignored object may become associated with inhibition during selection. Thus, selection of a subsequent probe object requiring these inhibited representations is delayed. Experiment 2 replicated the negative priming effect with a shorter inter-stimulus interval. Experiment 3 examined the priming effects of both the ignored and the selected objects. The effect of both identity repetition and a categorical relationship between prime and probe stimuli were investigated. The data showed that for a stimulus selected from the prime display, naming of the same object in the probe display was facilitated. When the same stimulus was ignored in the prime display, however, naming of it in the probe display was again impaired (negative priming). That negative priming was also demonstrated with categorically related objects suggests that ignored objects achieve categorical levels of representation, and that the inhibition may be at this level.

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The Level of Reaction Time Determines the ERP Correlates of Auditory Negative Priming

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803.20.3.186 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 186-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Susanne Mayr ◽

Michael Niedeggen ◽

Axel Buchner ◽

Guido Orgs

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Negative Priming ◽

Effect Size ◽

Priming Effect ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Negative Priming Effect ◽

Episodic Retrieval ◽

Time Level ◽

Fast Reactions ◽

Priming Condition

Responding to a stimulus that had to be ignored previously is usually slowed-down (negative priming effect). This study investigates the reaction time and ERP effects of the negative priming phenomenon in the auditory domain. Thirty participants had to categorize sounds as musical instruments or animal voices. Reaction times were slowed-down in the negative priming condition relative to two control conditions. This effect was stronger for slow reactions (above intraindividual median) than for fast reactions (below intraindividual median). ERP analysis revealed a parietally located negativity of the negative priming condition compared to the control conditions between 550-730 ms poststimulus. This replicates the findings of Mayr, Niedeggen, Buchner, and Pietrowsky (2003) . The ERP correlate was more pronounced for slow trials (above intraindividual median) than for fast trials (below intraindividual median). The dependency of the negative priming effect size on the reaction time level found in the reaction time analysis as well as in the ERP analysis is consistent with both the inhibition as well as the episodic retrieval account of negative priming. A methodological artifact explanation of this effect-size dependency is discussed and discarded.

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Masked Translation Priming Effects With Highly Proficient Simultaneous Bilinguals

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000013 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 98-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

Jon Andoni Duñabeitia ◽

Manuel Perea ◽

Manuel Carreiras

Keyword(s):

Lexical Decision ◽

Hierarchical Model ◽

Priming Effect ◽

Masked Priming ◽

The Other ◽

Memory Organization ◽

Priming Effects ◽

Bilingual Memory ◽

Translation Priming ◽

Masked Translation Priming

One essential issue for models of bilingual memory organization is to what degree the representation from one of the languages is shared with the other language. In this study, we examine whether there is a symmetrical translation priming effect with highly proficient, simultaneous bilinguals. We conducted a masked priming lexical decision experiment with cognate and noncognate translation equivalents. Results showed a significant masked translation priming effect for both cognates and noncognates, with a greater priming effect for cognates. Furthermore, the magnitude of the translation priming was similar in the two directions. Thus, highly fluent bilinguals do develop symmetrical between-language links, as predicted by the Revised Hierarchical model and the BIA+ model. We examine the implications of these results for models of bilingual memory.

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