Distrust as a psychological phenomenon

Purpose. The article provides a theoretical analysis of the problem of mistrust as a psychological phenomenon that is closely related to trust. Methods. To achieve the purpose of the study, methods of psychosocial approach are used (because mistrust is manifested both internally and externally); subjective approach (because mistrust is an independent psychological phenomenon); system approach (allows to take into account all connections, types, forms, criteria of trust-distrust, as well as determinants, consequences, functions). With the help of these methods the essence of distrust is revealed, which has its own criteria and features. Results. Analysis of domestic and foreign works on the psychological phenomenon of mistrust allows us to consider it as a means of ensuring human existence in the global world. Along with other sciences (philosophy, sociology, culturology, economics), which study trust – distrust, psychology has a number of methodological and technological problems. The connection between self-confidence and trust in the world is investigated. The task of the study is to determine the essence of distrust; to trace the connection between trust in oneself and trust in the world; to expand the notion of distrust as a means of personal security; to study distrust as a personality trait. An important point in the existence of a balance of self-confidence and trust in others is the level of self-reflection (awareness, spirituality), which will provide a person with peace and acceptance in an unknown difficult situation or fear and rejection, which often drives a person to act non-stereotypically or stereotypically. Conclusions. In general, it can be concluded that mistrust can manifest itself in suspicion, jealousy, inner tension, "protection", naivety, conformity, dogmatism, negativism, skepticism, intimophobia, unwillingness to make long-term plans, fear of change, excessive propensity to engage. The existence of a balance of self-confidence and trust in others is the level of self-reflection (awareness, spirituality), which will provide a person with balance and self-efficacy in solving life's problems.

STRUCTURE, PARAMETERS AND FUNCTIONS OF SELF-RELATION

Self-attitude is a complex psychological phenomenon that characterizes the position of a person in relation to himself. The characteristics of self-attitude determine how adequately a person will be able to adapt in the sphere of his professional activity and affect his socially significant activity. Self-attitude is a kind of self-regulating mechanism that is present at all stages of behavioral activity, starting from the stage of motive formation and ending with the analysis of the result of activity.

Understanding of anhedonia: from traditional to phenomenological analysis of the phenomena

The article is written in the form of a survey lecture highlighting the modern views of scientists on the phenomenon of anhedonia. A comparative analysis of the traditional psychiatric view of anhedonia with the phenomenological one is carried out. The specificity of anhedonia as a psychopathological symptom and as a psychological phenomenon is shown, as well as the features of the manifestation of anhedonia in neurological diseases. For practicing psychiatrists, the aspect of differentiation of anhedonia may be important, allowing one to choose the most adequate ways of correcting it between psychotherapeutic interventions, prescribing antidepressants with a proven anti-anhedonic effect or atypical antipsychotics.

Dispositional Mindfulness and Stress Coping Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Exploration of Problem-Focused Mediators

The psychological phenomenon of mindfulness - nonjudgmental attention to and awareness of one's present experience - has been linked to effective coping with a range of situational stressors. The potential mediating role of problem-focused strategies in predicting stress-related outcomes has not been sufficiently addressed.

CYNICISM AS A MANIFESTATION OF PROFESSIONAL DEFORMATION OF THE DOCTOR'S PERSONALITY

The article is devoted to the actual problem of the professional deformation of the doctor's personality. In the aggregate of the negative characteristics of the emotional burnout of doctors, one of the most destructive is cynicism, manifested in a disdain for cultural values and generally accepted norms of morality and ethics. The aim of the work was to comprehend the nature of the socio-psychological phenomenon "cynicism", to establish the factors that contribute to its occurrence and overcoming. The materials that have been used for research were the scientific articles for 2003–2021 published in scientific databases such as eLIBRARY.RU. and cyberleninka.ru, and the scientific works of the Russian writer and doctor V.V. Veresaev (1867–1945) and the Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov (1810–1881). The study found that cynicism, which is a leading and socially significant problem of a doctor's professional activity, is an acquired undesirable personality characteristic. The authors systematized the factors influencing the development of cynicism, considered effective ways of its prevention and correction.

How Survey Scoring Decisions Can Bias Your Study’s Results: A Trip Through the IRT Looking Glass

Though much effort is often put into designing psychological studies, the measurement model and scoring approach employed are often an afterthought, especially when short survey scales are used (Flake & Fried, 2020). One possible reason that measurement gets downplayed is that there is generally little understanding of how calibration/scoring approaches could impact common estimands of interest, including treatment effect estimates, beyond random noise due to measurement error. Another possible reason is that the process of scoring is complicated, involving selecting a suitable measurement model, calibrating its parameters, then deciding how to generate a score, all steps that occur before the score is even used to examine the desired psychological phenomenon. In this study, we provide three motivating examples where surveys are used to understand individuals’ underlying social emotional and/or personality constructs to demonstrate the potential consequences of measurement/scoring decisions. These examples also mean we can walk through the different measurement decision stages and, hopefully, begin to demystify them. As we show in our analyses, the decisions researchers make about how to calibrate and score the survey used has consequences that are often overlooked, with likely implications both for conclusions drawn from individual psychological studies and replications of studies.

Pedagogical Aspects Related to the Prevention of Professional Marginalism as a Dangerous Psychological Phenomenon in Educational Process at Departmental Universities

Introduction: the article analyzes professional marginalism, which became increasingly widespread in recent years. Preventing marginalism becomes an urgent issue for representatives of various scientific fields: sociologists, psychologists, and teachers. At the same time, there is still an insufficient amount of studies on the problems associated with the prevention of professional marginalism as a dangerous psychological phenomenon, despite their high social, national and personal significance. The development of professional marginalism is especially dangerous among employees of law enforcement agencies: military personnel, law enforcement officers, correctional officers, etc. The relevance of this topic is due to the increase in the number of officers who show signs of professional marginalism. Aim: we review theoretical data and experience in studying the problem of professional marginalism as a dangerous psychological phenomenon so as to show possible ways of its prevention and correction in the course of educational process at departmental universities. Methods: theoretical (analysis, synthesis, comparison, systematization, generalization of psychological and pedagogical literature on the research problem, modeling), empirical (survey, testing, experiment), qualitative and quantitative data processing. Results: in the course of the research we have revealed that among the interviewed cadets of departmental educational organizations, including the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, the majority (69.0%) tend to show ambivalent feelings about the profession they are mastering; professional marginalism as the antipode of professional commitment is manifested in the majority of cadets (71.4%) at the median level. Only a fifth of the surveyed cadets showed a low level of professional marginalism. Conclusions: having analyzed the results of the assessment of the state and dynamics of the level of professional identity in cadets, we see that the achieved indicators should be increased in order to prevent professional marginalism. It can be achieved by developing and implementing a program to increase the level of formation of the professional identity in cadets. The program should include activities, forms and methods of their organization and implementation, aimed at preventing professional marginalism among law enforcement officers. An essential role in preventing the emergence and development of this psychological phenomenon belongs to educational (especially pedagogical) activities of lecturers in the course of training specialists in departmental universities.

Life Uprooted. Social and Moral Challenges of Woe

Entering into dialogue with Simone Weil, this article contributes to the identification of woe as a social and psychological phenomenon that should not remain hidden and minimized anymore. Affliction is described as a kind of extreme suffering that causes a partial or total loss of self-appropriation (the possibility of inhabiting the own self and the world), self-blame and self-shame. Moreover, it is accompanied by social degradation, marginalization, guilt and shame, such that institutions and even social theories can feed its perverse inertia. Woe has such overwhelming destructive power that any socio-political order that causes it should be completely reformed. Because of its opacity, it poses a considerable moral challenge too, one that I propose to tackle by exploring the possibilities of compassion, care and attention as resources for moral agents. Finally, only by restoring the conditions for a re-rooting in life and in the world is it possible to re-appropriate one’s self lost in malheur.

MOTIVATIONAL FEATURES OF YOUNG OFFICERS

This article highlights the topic of the motivational sphere of young servicemen. Motivation is a complex psychological phenomenon that provides opportunities for the development of a personality, its training and ensures its mental health. Motivation diagnostics is an important component of psychological service in military organizations. The manifestation of negative motivation can be an important indicator of maladaptation. Diagnostics of motivation among young officers showed that they have higher values of positive motivation compared to civilians. The indicators of male and female officers were compared. The analysis did not identify statistically significant differences between the indicators of male and female officers.

When Knowledge is Blinding: The Dangers of Being Certain About the Future

Despite much research on certainty and future thought, it remains unclear how certainty about the future influences the ways people think, feel, and act. Three studies (N = 1218) examined how certainty about the future impacts people’s cognition, affect, and behavior during two major events of future uncertainty; the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election. In Study 1, certainty about the future of COVID-19 predicted ignorance of medical information and lower objective knowledge about the virus. In line with these findings, in Study 2, certainty about the future of COVID-19 predicted endorsing riskier health behaviors. Turning to the 2020 Presidential Election, in Study 3, being certain that one’s preferred candidate would win the election predicted greater claims that the election was rigged (after the election) and identifying with Capitol insurrectionists. These findings introduce certainty about the future as a psychological phenomenon that entails intellectual blindness across diverging domains.