The transposed-word effect revisited: the role of syntax in word position coding

The article sets out to explore the impact of different types of lexical stress and word position within a phrase as well as the interaction of these factors on formant bandwidths. The findings contribute to establishing the role of these formant features as acoustic correlates of the Russian lexical stress. The experimental material for analysis is presented by the Russian sound [a] embedded in a word in a natural language carrier phrase. The word position is changed from phrase initial to the phrase final one and in each position the target word is uttered with a neutral and an emphatic stress by four speakers. The Praat software is used to extract the mean values of the first four formant bandwidths of the target vowel. Two-way ANOVA is carried out to establish the significance of difference between neutrally and emphatically stressed vowels in all the three phrasal positions. The impact of phrasal position and stress type is clearly pronounced and is valid for all the four speakers. Specific trends in bandwidth alterations are hard to identify in most cases because of inconsistent fluctuations of formant bandwidths and a heavy influence of the speakers' idiolects: formant bandwidths expand, contract or remain unchanged. An explanation of the results obtained is suggested.

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On the noisy spatiotopic encoding of word positions during reading: Evidence from the change-detection task

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review ◽

10.3758/s13423-020-01819-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Felipe Pegado ◽

Jonathan Grainger

Keyword(s):

Change Detection ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Detection Task ◽

Matching Task ◽

Change Detection Task ◽

Visual Short Term Memory ◽

Word Position ◽

Standard Response ◽

Position Coding ◽

The Difference

Abstract The present study builds on our prior work showing evidence for noisy word-position coding in an immediate same-different matching task. In that research, participants found it harder to judge that two successive brief presentations of five-word sequences were different when the difference was caused by transposing two adjacent words compared with different word replacements – a transposition effect. Here we used the change-detection task with a 1-s delay introduced between sequences – a task thought to tap into visual short-term memory. Concurrent articulation was used to limit the contribution of active rehearsal. We used standard response-time (RT) and error-rate analyses plus signal detection theory (SDT) measures of discriminability (d’) and bias (c). We compared the transposition effects for ungrammatical word sequences and nonword sequences observed with these different measures. Although there was some evidence for transposition effects with nonwords, the effects were much larger with word sequences. These findings provide further support for the hypothesized noisy assignment of word identities to spatiotopic locations along a line of text during reading.

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The fundamental role of position in affix identity

The Mental Lexicon ◽

10.1075/ml.19009.car ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 357-380

Author(s):

Julia R. Carden ◽

Juan P. Barreyro ◽

Juan Segui ◽

Virginia Jaichenco

Keyword(s):

Word Recognition ◽

Visual Word Recognition ◽

Interference Effect ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Strong Support ◽

Visual Word ◽

Experimental Paradigm ◽

Position Coding ◽

Processing Differences

Abstract Previous research suggests that while free morpheme identification during visual word recognition is position-independent, suffixes are activated only when they occur after the stem. Surprisingly, prefix position coding has not yet been assessed. This point is important given that some experimental studies demonstrated clear processing differences between prefixes and suffixes. In this study we examined whether Spanish suffixes and prefixes are recognized independently of their position by adapting the Crepaldi, Rastle, and Davis’s (2010) experimental paradigm. We observed that morphologically structured nonwords in which the affix occurs in its typical position (e.g., curiosura, disgrave) are rejected more slowly and less accurately than their matched orthographic controls (e.g., curiosula, dusgrave). Crucially, such morpheme interference effect is completely absent when the morphemes are inverted (i.e., uracurios and gravedis are rejected as easily as ulacurios and gravedus). Our data provide strong support to the hypothesis that all affix processing is sensitive to position.

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Letter Position Coding in Visual Word Recognition: On The Role of Confusability

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e505772014-228 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Serje Robidoux ◽

Saskia Kohnen ◽

Yvette Kezilas

Keyword(s):

Word Recognition ◽

Visual Word Recognition ◽

Letter Position ◽

Visual Word ◽

Letter Position Coding ◽

Position Coding

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Preaspiration in Hebrides English

Journal of the International Phonetic Association ◽

10.1017/s002510031700007x ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 155-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ian Clayton

Keyword(s):

Social Factors ◽

Geographic Origin ◽

Linguistic Features ◽

Scottish Gaelic ◽

Place Of Articulation ◽

Vowel Context ◽

Word Position ◽

And Gender ◽

Phonetic Study

Preaspirated voiceless stops, a well-documented feature of Scottish Gaelic (Ní Chasaide 1985, Clayton 2010, Nance & Stuart-Smith 2013), have also been reported in the English spoken in the Hebrides island chain (Borgstrøm 1940, Wells 1982, Shuken 1984). However, a detailed description of preaspiration in Hebrides English has previously been unavailable. This paper presents the results of a phonetic study of preaspirated voiceless stops in Hebrides English, based on the speech of 24 English–Scottish Gaelic bilinguals from nine regions within the Hebrides island chain. The paper describes the effect of linguistic features on the duration and frequency of preaspiration, including place of articulation, word position, and vowel context. The paper also considers the role of social factors, including speakers’ geographic origin, age, and gender, finding that preaspiration is more frequent among women and among older speakers, especially older female speakers from Lewis. The paper concludes that preaspiration is likely to be an obsolescent feature in Hebrides English, rather than an innovative feature as in other varieties of English such as Tyneside or Aberystwyth (Docherty & Foulkes 1999, Foulkes, Docherty & Watt 2001, Hejná 2015).

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Graph Convolutional Networks with Bidirectional Attention for Aspect-Based Sentiment Classification

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11041528 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1528

Author(s):

Jie Liu ◽

Peiyu Liu ◽

Zhenfang Zhu ◽

Xiaowen Li ◽

Guangtao Xu

Keyword(s):

Attention Mechanism ◽

Sentiment Classification ◽

Long Distance ◽

Convolutional Network ◽

Convolutional Networks ◽

Syntactic Information ◽

Position Coding ◽

Novel Method

Aspect-based sentiment classification aims at determining the corresponding sentiment of a particular aspect. Many sophisticated approaches, such as attention mechanisms and Graph Convolutional Networks, have been widely used to address this challenge. However, most of the previous methods have not well analyzed the role of words and long-distance dependencies, and the interaction between context and aspect terms is not well realized, which greatly limits the effectiveness of the model. In this paper, we propose an effective and novel method using attention mechanism and graph convolutional network (ATGCN). Firstly, we make full use of multi-head attention and point-wise convolution transformation to obtain the hidden state. Secondly, we introduce position coding in the model, and use Graph Convolutional Networks to obtain syntactic information and long-distance dependencies. Finally, the interaction between context and aspect terms is further realized by bidirectional attention. Experiments on three benchmarking collections indicate the effectiveness of ATGCN.

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Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.195.12.1005 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 195 (12) ◽

pp. 1005-1009 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

D. J. Fernbach

Keyword(s):

Wilms Tumor

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Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.195.3.167 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 195 (3) ◽

pp. 167-172 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. E. Van Metre

Keyword(s):

Diagnosis And Management

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The power of norms to sway fused group members

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18001644 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Winnifred R. Louis ◽

Craig McGarty ◽

Emma F. Thomas ◽

Catherine E. Amiot ◽

Fathali M. Moghaddam

Keyword(s):

Evolutionary Anthropology ◽

Normative Systems ◽

Violent Extremism ◽

Identity Fusion ◽

Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

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