Fetal Programming of the Neuroendocrine Response to Stress: Links Between Low Birth Weight and the Metabolic Syndrome

2004 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. W. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Fetal Programming ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Neuroendocrine Response ◽  
Response To Stress

scholarly journals Born with low birth weight in rural Southern India: what are the metabolic consequences 20 years later?

2012 ◽  
Vol 166 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nihal Thomas ◽  
Louise G Grunnet ◽  
Pernille Poulsen ◽  
Solomon Christopher ◽  
Rachaproleu Spurgeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Normal Birth ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

ObjectiveLow birth weight (LBW) is common in the Indian population and may represent an important predisposing factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the metabolic syndrome. Intensive metabolic examinations in ethnic LBW Asian Indians have been almost exclusively performed in immigrants living outside India. Therefore, we aimed to study the metabolic impact of being born with LBW in a rural non-migrant Indian population.Subjects and methodsOne hundred and seventeen non-migrant, young healthy men were recruited from a birth cohort in a rural part of south India. The subjects comprised 61 LBW and 56 normal birth weight (NBW) men, with NBW men acting as controls. Subjects underwent a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp, i.v. and oral glucose tolerance tests and a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. The parents' anthropometric status and metabolic parameters were assessed.ResultsMen with LBW were shorter (167±6.4 vs 172±6.0 cm,P<0.0001), lighter (51.9±9 vs 55.4±7 kg,P=0.02) and had a reduced lean body mass (42.1±5.4 vs 45.0±4.5 kg,P=0.002) compared with NBW controls. After adjustment for height and weight, the LBW subjects had increased diastolic blood pressure (77±6 vs 75±6 mmHg,P=0.01). Five LBW subjects had impaired glucose tolerance.In vivoinsulin secretion and peripheral insulin action were similar in both the groups. Mothers of the LBW subjects were 3 cm shorter than the control mothers.ConclusionOnly subtle features of the metabolic syndrome and changes in body composition among LBW rural Indians were found. Whether other factors such as urbanisation and ageing may unmask more severe metabolic abnormalities may require a long-term follow-up.

Components of the Metabolic Syndrome in Early Childhood in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda de Jong ◽  
Harrie N. Lafeber ◽  
Anneke Cranendonk ◽  
Mirjam M. van Weissenbruch
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Very Low Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

scholarly journals Decreased insulin sensitivity in small for gestational age males treated with GH and preterm untreated males: a study in young adults.

2008 ◽  
Vol 158 (6) ◽  
pp. 899-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Rotteveel ◽  
M M van Weissenbruch ◽  
H A Delemarre-Van de Waal
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Gh Therapy ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Preterm Born

BackgroundLow birth weight and preterm birth are associated with growth delay as well as the development of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is especially seen in subjects with catch-up growth. GH therapy induces growth in short subjects with low birth weight at term, but little is known about the long-term effects on insulin sensitivity. GH therapy is now also proposed for preterms that remain short.MethodsWe investigated insulin sensitivity using the gold standard hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique in 10 young adult males born small for gestational age (SGA) who had been treated with GH during childhood (GH) in comparison with 15 males born preterm AGA (premAGA), 13 males born preterm SGA (premSGA), and 15 males born at term with normal birth weight (CON). Furthermore, we investigated the presence of the metabolic syndrome.ResultsInsulin sensitivity was decreased in premAGA, premSGA, and GH subjects compared with CON males. The metabolic syndrome was not present in any of the groups.ConclusionInsulin sensitivity is decreased in GH-treated SGA born males as well as in preterm born males. With respect to the SGA subjects, whether the difference results from perinatal-, postnatal-, or GH therapy-related factors are not known. With respect to the preterm born subjects, close surveillance is needed when commencing GH therapy.

The metabolic syndrome in twins: A consequence of low birth weight or of being a twin?

2001 ◽  
Vol 109 (03) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bo ◽  
P. Cavallo-Perin ◽  
G. Ciccone ◽  
L. Scaglione ◽  
G. Pagano
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Substrate-energy metabolism and metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease in relation to fetal growth and adult body composition

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (2) ◽  
pp. E365-E371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osama A. Kensara ◽  
Steve A. Wooton ◽  
David I. W. Phillips ◽  
Mayank Patel ◽  
Daniel J. Hoffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Fetal Programming ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Adult Weight ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Free Body

The effect of fetal programming on intermediary metabolism is uncertain. Therefore, we examined whether fetal programming affects oxidative and nonoxidative macronutrient metabolism and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in adult life. Healthy older men, aged 64–72 years, with either a lower birth weight (LBW, ≤25th %ile; n = 16) or higher birth weight (HBW, ≥75th %ile; n = 13) had measurements of 1) net oxidative metabolism using indirect calorimetry before and for 6 h after a mixed meal (3,720 kJ) and 2) postprandial oxidation of exogenous [13C]palmitic acid. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After adjustment for current weight and height, the LBW group had a lower resting energy expenditure (REE) in the preprandial (4.01 vs. 4.54 kJ/min, P = 0.015) and postprandial state (4.60 vs. 5.20 kJ/min, P = 0.004), and less fat-free mass than the HBW group. The BW category was a significant, independent, and better predictor of REE than weight plus height. There were no significant differences between groups in net oxidative and nonoxidative macronutrient (protein, fat, carbohydrate) metabolism (or of exogenous [13C]palmitate) or in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, which was present almost twice as commonly in the LBW than in the HBW group. The study suggests that fetal programming affects both pre- and postprandial EE in older life by mechanisms that are at least partly related to the mass of the fat-free body. BW was found to be a significant predictor of REE that was independent of adult weight plus height.

scholarly journals Low birth weight is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome

Metabolism ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1282-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinhua Xiao ◽  
Zhen-Xin Zhang ◽  
Wen-Hui Li ◽  
Kai Feng ◽  
Qi Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

scholarly journals Programming of body composition by early growth and nutrition

2007 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. K. Wells ◽  
Sirinuch Chomtho ◽  
Mary S. Fewtrell
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

There is now compelling evidence that growth patterns in early life are associated with risk of the metabolic syndrome in adulthood, although the relative importance of prenatal v. postnatal growth for such associations remains controversial. Body composition may play a key role in the ‘programming’ of such diseases, through itself being programmed by early growth, and perhaps also by being a mediator of the programming process. Early studies reporting positive associations between birth weight and adult BMI suggested a tendency for large babies to become obese adults. Such findings appeared contradictory to the many studies linking low birth weight with increased risk of the metabolic syndrome. Recent studies now indicate that birth weight is strongly predictive of later lean mass, and has a much weaker association with later fatness. Studies that link low birth weight with a more central adipose distribution in later life remain controversial, and require confirmation using more sophisticated methodologies. Findings for infant growth rate appear population-specific, with infant weight gain predicting subsequent lean mass in developing countries, but predicting subsequent fat mass and obesity in industrialised populations. Further studies are required on this issue, to ensure that appropriate public health policies are recommended for countries across the range of economic development. Although the links between early growth and later disease risk implicate early-life nutrition, either in utero or during infancy, few prospective studies have explored the influence of early diet on later body composition. Many studies have associated breast-feeding with a reduced prevalence of obesity categorised by BMI; however, the few studies directly evaluating childhood fatness provide little support for this hypothesis. Recent advances in the ability to measure body composition during the infant period offer a major opportunity to improve the understanding of the nutritional programming of body composition and its contribution, or lack thereof, to subsequent disease risk.

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