Trade‐off between Virulence and Vertical Transmission and the Maintenance of a Virulent Plant Pathogen

AbstractSymbiotic relationships affect the fitness and organismal function of virtually all organisms. In many cases, the fitness effects of symbiosis may be beneficial or harmful depending on the environment. The hosts of such symbionts are favored to acquire them only when the symbiont is beneficial. However, it is not clear whether such selection favors vertical or horizontal transmission, both, or neither. To address this question, we model the evolution of transmission mode in a conditional mutualism experiencing spatial and temporal environmental variation. We find that when symbionts affect host lifespan, but not fecundity, horizontal transmission can contain them to beneficial environments. Vertical transmission can produce symbiont containment when the environmental state is synchronized across locations. We also find an emergent trade-off between horizontal and vertical transmission, suggesting that physiological constraints are not required for the evolution of limits on the total amount of transmission.

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A Resource Allocation Trade-Off between Virulence and Proliferation Drives Metabolic Versatility in the Plant Pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum

PLoS Pathogens ◽

10.1371/journal.ppat.1005939 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. e1005939 ◽

Cited By ~ 59

Author(s):

Rémi Peyraud ◽

Ludovic Cottret ◽

Lucas Marmiesse ◽

Jérôme Gouzy ◽

Stéphane Genin

Keyword(s):

Resource Allocation ◽

Plant Pathogen ◽

Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽

Trade Off ◽

Metabolic Versatility

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Modelling lifestyle changes in Insect endosymbionts, from insect mutualist to plant pathogen

Evolutionary Ecology ◽

10.1007/s10682-020-10071-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 867-891

Author(s):

Robert Manning Smith ◽

Vasthi Alonso-Chavez ◽

Joseph Helps ◽

Michael W. Shaw ◽

Frank van den Bosch

Keyword(s):

Vertical Transmission ◽

Plant Pathogen ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Adaptive Dynamics ◽

Horizontal Transmission ◽

Lifestyle Changes ◽

Evolutionary Transition ◽

Transmission Method ◽

Plant Host ◽

Plant Populations

AbstractSeveral insect endosymbionts have evolved to become plant pathogens, but the causes of this transition are currently unknown. In this paper, we use adaptive dynamics to develop hypotheses to explain why an insect endosymbiont would evolve to become a plant pathogen. We develop a model of facultative insect endosymbionts, capable of both vertical transmission within the insect population and horizontal transmission between insect and plant populations. We assume that an evolutionary trade-off between vertical and horizontal transmission exists. The transmission method of an endosymbiont is correlated with the nature of the symbiotic relationship between host and symbiont. We assume that vertical transmission represents an insect endosymbiont lifestyle and horizontal transmission represents a plant pathogen lifestyle. Our results suggest that temperature increases, increased agricultural intensification, disease dynamics within the plant host, insect mating system and change in the host plant of the insect may influence an evolutionary transition from an insect endosymbiont to a plant pathogen.

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Epidemiological trade-off between intra- and interannual scales in the evolution of aggressiveness in a local plant pathogen population

10.1101/151068 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Frédéric Suffert ◽

Henriette Goyeau ◽

Ivan Sache ◽

Florence Carpentier ◽

Sandrine Gélisse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Latent Period ◽

Plant Pathogen ◽

Evolutionary Biology ◽

Lesion Size ◽

Significant Loss ◽

Pathogen Population ◽

Zymoseptoria Tritici ◽

Trade Off ◽

Sexual And Asexual Reproduction ◽

Local Plant

ABSTRACTThis preprint has been reviewed and recommended by Peer Community In Evolutionary Biology (http://dx.doi.org/10.24072/pci.evolbiol.100039). The efficiency of plant resistance to fungal pathogen populations is expected to decrease over time, due to its evolution with an increase in the frequency of virulent or highly aggressive strains. This dynamics may differ depending on the scale investigated (annual or pluriannual), particularly for annual crop pathogens with both sexual and asexual reproduction cycles. We assessed this time-scale effect, by comparing aggressiveness changes in a localZymoseptoria triticipopulation over an eight-month cropping season and a six-year period of wheat monoculture. We collected two pairs of subpopulations to represent the annual and pluriannual scales: from leaf lesions at the beginning and end of a single annual epidemic, and from crop debris at the beginning and end of a six-year period. We assessed two aggressiveness traits – latent period and lesion size – on sympatric and allopatric host varieties. A trend toward decreased latent period concomitant with a significant loss of variability was established during the course of the annual epidemic, but not over the six-year period. Furthermore, a significant cultivar effect (sympatric vs. allopatric) on the average aggressiveness of the isolates revealed host adaptation, arguing that the observed patterns could result from selection. We thus provide an experimental body of evidence of an epidemiological trade-off between the intra- and inter-annual scales in the evolution of aggressiveness in a local plant pathogen population. More aggressive isolates were collected from upper leaves, on which disease severity is usually lower than on the lower part of the plants left in the field as crop debris after harvest. We suggest that these isolates play little role in sexual reproduction, due to an Allee effect (difficulty finding mates at low pathogen densities), particularly as the upper parts of the plant are removed from the field, explaining the lack of transmission of increases in aggressiveness between epidemics.

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Epidemiological trade-off between intra- and interannual scales in the evolution of aggressiveness in a local plant pathogen population

Evolutionary Applications ◽

10.1111/eva.12588 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 768-780 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Frédéric Suffert ◽

Henriette Goyeau ◽

Ivan Sache ◽

Florence Carpentier ◽

Sandrine Gélisse ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Pathogen ◽

Pathogen Population ◽

Trade Off ◽

Local Plant

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SEROTYPE REPLACEMENT OF VERTICALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES THROUGH PERFECT VACCINATION

Journal of Biological System ◽

10.1142/s0218339008002484 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 16 (02) ◽

pp. 255-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

DOUGLAS H. THOMASEY ◽

MAIA MARTCHEVA

Keyword(s):

Vertical Transmission ◽

Reproduction Number ◽

Vaccination Campaign ◽

Theoretical Studies ◽

Trade Off ◽

Differential Effectiveness ◽

Serotype Replacement ◽

Super Infection ◽

Strain Model

Strain replacement occurs when after a vaccination campaign one (or more) strains decline in prevalence while another strain (or strains) rise in prevalence. Differential effectiveness of the vaccine is the widely accepted and the most important mechanism which leads to this replacement effect. Recent theoretical studies have suggested that strain replacement may occur even if the vaccine is perfect, that is, the vaccine is completely effective with respect to all strains present. It has already been shown that perfect vaccination, along with a trade-off mechanism, such as co-infection or super-infection, lead to strain replacement. In this paper, we examine the hypothesis that strain replacement with perfect vaccination occurs only with trade-off mechanisms which allow a strain with a lower reproduction number to eliminate a strain with a higher reproduction number in the absence of vaccination. We test this hypothesis on a two-strain model with vertical transmission. We first show that vertical transmission as a trade-off mechanism can lead to dominance of a strain with suboptimal reproduction number. Based on the hypothesis we expect, and we show, that strain replacement occurs with vertical transmission.

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