Biological Activity of Aromatic Compounds from Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is most vital spice which has been utilized for food preservative and also as a remedial plant over centuries. It is local plant of Indonesia however these days it is used in numerous parts of the world including Brazil in the province of Bahia. This plant is one of the plentiful sources of phenolic compounds and bears enormous capacity for pharmaceutical, makeup and foodstuff. This analysis includes studies coverage biological activity of eugenol and clove. The antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of clove are higher than numerous of the fruits and vegetables and it ought to have extraordinary consideration. The diverse studies mentioned in this review prove the long-established use of clove in food preservation and also as a remedial plant.

Natural mouthwash of sarang banua leaves (Clerodendrum fragrans Vent Willd) extractas a healthy solution during the covid-19 pandemic

The spread of the COVID-19 virus has shaken the world. The application of Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (CHLB) is the best effort to prevent the transmission of the Covid-19 virus. Maintaining oral and dental hygiene can improve health, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sarang Banua (Clerodendrum fragrans Vent Willd) is a local plant of North Sumatra, containing secondary metabolites of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, and quinones that have bioactivity such as antibacterial and antioxidant. The preparation of Sarang Banua mouthwash (SABANA) made from the extract of the sarang banua leaves with a concentration of 0.5 grams in 100 ml of preparation (0.5%) has been formulated, evaluated by organoleptic, pH and antibacterial test. The results of organoleptic and pH tests showed that SABANA mouthwash preparations were brown and slightly cloudy, tasted very distinctive, fresh, and eliminated bad breath with a pH of 7 in accordance with quality standards. About 70% of the panelists stated that they really liked the color, aroma, taste and appearance of SABANA mouthwash preparations. The results of antibacterial test against the oral bacteria Streptococcus mutans ATCC (25175) showed that 0.5% and 0.75% of the oral antibacterial mouthwash was found to be effective as oral antibacterial with an average inhibition zone diameter of 16.55 and 16.9 mm. Through the activities of the Student Creativity-Entrepreneurship Program, SABANA mouthwash have been produced and marketed in the local as well as outside the city by online and offline-shop and have the opportunity to develop into a new entrepreneur.

A mammalian herbivore prefers locally adapted populations in a common garden: implications for climate change mitigation

Climate change is expected to alter habitat more rapidly than the pace of evolution, leading to tree populations that are maladapted to new local conditions. Assisted migration is a mitigation strategy that proposes preemptively identifying and planting genotypes that are robust to the expected climate change-induced alterations of an area. Assisted migration however, may impact the broader community, including herbivores which often coevolved with local plant genotypes and their defenses. Although this question has been examined in arthropod herbivores, few studies have assessed this question in mammalian herbivores, and fewer still have leveraged experimental design to disentangle the genetic contribution to herbivore preference.We examined the hypothesis that North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) browsing on Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) is under genetic control in a common garden, which allowed us to uncouple genetic and environmental contributions to browse preference.Generally, porcupines selected local trees and trees from climatically similar areas, where trees from local and cooler climate populations suffered over 2x more extensive herbivory than trees from warmer areas. Plant genotype was a significant factor for selection, with the most heavily browsed genotype having on average >10x more herbivory than the least heavily browsed. Because genotypes within and among populations were replicated, we calculated broad-sense heritability in which tree palatability by porcupines was H2B = 0.28 (95% CI: 0.13-0.48) among genotypes.Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate a genetic component to tree defenses against porcupine herbivory that can be predicted by the climate of the source population. This result has important implications for mammalian herbivores if climate change renders local tree genotypes maladaptive to new conditions. We recommend assisted migration efforts consider this implication and plant stock from both warmer and climatically similar areas to maintain genetic diversity in a changing environment, productivity and forage for mammalian herbivores.

Waste from processing of technical grape varieties in poultry nutrition

The feed additives for balancing the diet for biologically active substances still utilizing up to the present time. Their main components are synthetic substances that have not only low digestibility, but also negatively affect human health. In this regard, we are developing technologies for the utilization of local plant feed additives and waste processing in the feeding of farm animals and poultry. This is the waste of processing technical grape varieties – grape pomace. These wastes can be considered as natural feed additives because after technological processing they can be used to produce flour with a high content of macro and microelements, vitamins, as well as amino acids.

Climate, Land use and Plant Richness Differently Shape Herbivory on Major Plant Functional Groups

Interactions between plants and herbivorous invertebrates drive the nutritional quality of resources for higher trophic levels, nutrient cycling and plant-community structure. Thereby, shifts in functional composition of plant communities particularly impact ecosystem processes. However, the current understanding of herbivory is limited concerning climate, land use and plant richness, as comparative studies of different plant functional groups are lacking. This study was conducted on 81 plots covering large climatic and land-use gradients in Bavaria, Germany. We investigated foliar invertebrate herbivory rates (proportional leaf-area loss, following ‘herbivory’) in three major plant functional groups (legumes, non-leguminous forbs, grasses). As drivers we considered multi-annual mean temperature (range: 6.5–10.0 °C), local habitat type (forest, grassland, arable field, settlement), local plant richness (species and family level, ranges: 10–50 species, 5–25 families) and landscape diversity (0.2–3-km scale). Our results largely confirm higher herbivory on legumes than on forbs and grasses. However, herbivory in forests was similar across plant functional groups since herbivory on legumes was low, e.g. lower than on legumes in grasslands. We also observed differential responses of herbivory among plant functional groups in response to plant richness (family level only), but not to landscape diversity. Temperature did not affect overall herbivory, but in grasslands higher temperature decreased herbivory on legumes and increased on forbs and grasses. We conclude that climate, habitat type and family-level plant richness likely assert different effects on herbivory among plant functional groups. This emphasises the importance of functional groups for understanding community-level herbivory and ecosystem functioning.

Potential of local plant Eleocharis dulcis for wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands system: review

Plants have a vital role in constructed wetlands because they provide oxygen in removing pollutants, as a medium of microorganisms, as absorbers of nutrients and other pollutants, must be resistant to high levels of pollutant loads and stressful conditions. Several plants have potential for constructed wetland, namely Phragmites sp., Typha sp., Canna indica, Colocasia esculenta, Eichornia crassipes, Eleocharis dulcis, and others. Eleocharis dulcis is a local plant commonly found in South Kalimantan. Eleocharis dulcis in the local, namely Purun tikus, grows in tidal swamps and grows in areas of high soil acidity (pH 2.5 – 3.5). Eleocharis dulcis can be used in tackling reclamation waste of acid sulfate soil which can absorb 1.45% of N elements; Cu 15 ppm; P 0.08%; Zn 48 ppm; Mg 0.16%; Fe 1.386 ppm; S 0.18%; Mn 923 ppm; K 2.05%; and Ca 0.22%. According to several studies that have been carried out, Eleocharis dulcis have been shown to reduce several pollutant loads such as Hg 99.84%; Pb; Cd; Fe 85.68%; SO4; Mn 78.94%; BOD 98.74%; COD 98.73%; and turbidity 80% also. The local plant Eleocharis dulcis can be potentially used as wastewater treatment, especially in a constructed wetland systems.

In vitro study of Cratoxylum glaucumStem ethyl acetate extract as antidiabetic

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to decreased insulin secretion, or decreased insulin sensitivity, or both. If insulin is not available or the amount is low, then glucose cannot enter the cells and will continue to be in the bloodstream. DM can cause chronic complications such as eye complications, skin infections and stroke. DM treatment takes a long time by using synthetic drugs that will cause side effects, therefore the search for herbal-based drugs is the community’s choice. Idat plant (Cratoxylum glaucum) is a local plant from Bangka Belitung. Several studies on the genus Cratoxylum from China and Thailand showed a very high inhibitory ability against the inhibition of a-glucosidase enzymes, protein tyrosine phosphate, and carbohydrate hydrolysis enzymes because they contain phenolic compounds anthraquinones and xanthones. Therefore, the importance of more intensive research on C. glaucum species regarding the content of secondary metabolites in C. glaucum stems and their antidiabetic power. The extraction method in this research is maceration with ethyl acetate solvent. Qualitative examination of phenolic and flavonoid content using reagents, as well as antidiabetic testing was carried out in vitro with dengan α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition method. Based on qualitative testing of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, the content of these compounds was obtained. antidiabetic test showed that the-glucosidase inhibitor of ethyl acetate extract had very strong activity with an IC50 of 4.21 g/mL. Therefore, the stem of the idat plant can be used as a therapy for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF CONFECTIONERY WITH THE USE OF NON-TRADITIONAL RAW MATERIALS

The article develops a rational recipe composition and technology for the preparation of functional dairy cakes enriched with pumpkin seed flour, the quality of finished products is assessed. It is shown that the correction of traditional recipes of products of mass demand and daily nutrition in accordance with the nutritional needs of the population is one of the most relevant in the context of a healthy lifestyle. Local plant raw materials with preventive and functional properties are analyzed. It has been suggested that a part of wheat flour should be replaced in the recipe by pumpkin seed flour with a higher content of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamins, macro- and microelements. The relevance of scientific research is to solve the important problem of purposeful search for cheap local plant ingredients with high physiological activity and selection of their optimal dosage in recipes to increase biological and nutritional value, as well as taste properties of finished products. The aim of the research was to improve the technology of preparation of dairy cakes of high biological value with the use of non-traditional raw materials, as well as to study changes in the quality indicators of finished cakes. In the course of research, the dependence of the mass fraction of moisture of the finished cakes on the dosage of pumpkin flour was determined. It is established that at replacement of 5-20% of wheat flour on pumpkin humidity of products changes insignificantly and remains within norm. The degree of baking of cakes was determined by the difference in weight of the product before and after baking. It was found that with increasing the dose of pumpkin seed flour, the baking rate decreases. It is determined that at a content of 15% and above of pumpkin flour in the recipe of the cake have a pronounced taste and smell of pumpkin seeds. Organoleptic analysis showed that the optimal amount of pumpkin flour in dairy cakes is 10%. Experimental samples have a well-developed porosity, pleasant, sweet taste, with a slight tinge of pumpkin seeds. The results of the study may be useful for manufacturers of functional foods.