scholarly journals CD4+T Cells Programmed to Traffic to Lymph Nodes Account for Increases in Numbers of CD4+T Cells Up to 1 Year after the Initiation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

2001 ◽  
Vol 184 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Hengel ◽  
Bonnie M. Jones ◽  
M. Susan Kennedy ◽  
Marjorie R. Hubbard ◽  
J. Steven McDougal
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transcriptional Elongation in Resting CD4+ T Cells In Vivo

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (17) ◽  
pp. 9105-9114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kara G. Lassen ◽  
Justin R. Bailey ◽  
Robert F. Siliciano
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT A stable latent reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in resting memory CD4+ T cells presents a barrier to eradication of the infection even in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Potential mechanisms for latency include inaccessibility of the integrated viral genome, absence of key host transcription factors, premature termination of HIV-1 RNAs, and abnormal splicing patterns. To differentiate among these mechanisms, we isolated extremely pure populations of resting CD4+ T cells from patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. These cells did not produce virus but retained the capacity to do so if appropriately stimulated. Products of HIV-1 transcription were examined in purified resting CD4+ T cells. Although short, prematurely terminated HIV-1 transcripts have been suggested as a marker for latently infected cells, the production of short transcripts had not been previously demonstrated in purified populations of resting CD4+ T cells. By separating RNA into polyadenylated and nonpolyadenylated fractions, we showed that resting CD4+ T cells from patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy produce abortive transcripts that lack a poly(A) tail and that terminate prior to nucleotide 181. Short transcripts dominated the pool of total HIV-1 transcripts in resting CD4+ T cells. Processive, polyadenylated HIV-1 mRNAs were also present at a low level. Both unspliced and multiply spliced forms were found. Taken together, these results show that the nonproductive nature of the infection in resting CD4+ T cells from patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy is not due to absolute blocks at the level of either transcriptional initiation or elongation but rather relative inefficiencies at multiple steps.

scholarly journals Evidence for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication In Vivo in CD14+ Monocytes and Its Potential Role as a Source of Virus in Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 707-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuofu Zhu ◽  
David Muthui ◽  
Sarah Holte ◽  
David Nickle ◽  
Feng Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT In vitro studies show that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) does not replicate in freshly isolated monocytes unless monocytes differentiate to monocyte-derived macrophages. Similarly, HIV-1 may replicate in macrophages in vivo, whereas it is unclear whether blood monocytes are permissive to productive infection with HIV-1. We investigated HIV-1 replication in CD14+ monocytes and resting and activated CD4+ T cells by measuring the levels of cell-associated viral DNA and mRNA and the genetic evolution of HIV-1 in seven acutely infected patients whose plasma viremia had been <100 copies/ml for 803 to 1,544 days during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HIV-1 DNA was detected in CD14+ monocytes as well as in activated and resting CD4+ T cells throughout the course of study. While significant variation in the decay slopes of HIV-1 DNA was seen among individual patients, viral decay in CD14+ monocytes was on average slower than that in activated and resting CD4+ T cells. Measurements of HIV-1 sequence evolution and the concentrations of unspliced and multiply spliced mRNA provided evidence of ongoing HIV-1 replication, more pronounced in CD14+ monocytes than in resting CD4+ T cells. Phylogenetic analyses of HIV-1 sequences indicated that after prolonged HAART, viral populations related or identical to those found only in CD14+ monocytes were seen in plasma from three of the seven patients. In the other four patients, HIV-1 sequences in plasma and the three cell populations were identical. CD14+ monocytes appear to be one of the potential in vivo sources of HIV-1 in patients receiving HAART.

scholarly journals The Effect of Race/Ethnicity on the Outcome of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1–Infected Patients

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1541-1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Jensen‐Fangel ◽  
Lars Pedersen ◽  
Court Pedersen ◽  
Carsten Schade Larsen ◽  
Palle Tauris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in the Semen of Men Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

1998 ◽  
Vol 339 (25) ◽  
pp. 1803-1809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Geethanjali Dornadula ◽  
Maria Beumont ◽  
Lawrence Livornese ◽  
Bonnie Van Uitert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Intensification and Stimulation Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reservoirs in Infected Persons Receiving Virally Suppressive Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

2002 ◽  
Vol 186 (10) ◽  
pp. 1403-1411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Kulkosky ◽  
Giuseppe Nunnari ◽  
Miguel Otero ◽  
Sandra Calarota ◽  
Geetha Dornadula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus
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