1. The three ages of silent film

Author(s):  
Donna Kornhaber

“The three ages of silent film” charts the three commonly recognized periods of silent film: early, transitional, and classical. Changes in distribution after the early period shifted film’s role from a technological attraction presented as a transient fairground or vaudeville entertainment to a mode of storytelling presented in a fixed location in a nickelodeon or picture palace. This led to longer films with more complex composition and storytelling. The first film companies’ attempts to control the markets were circumvented by producers setting up West Coast studios. While European studios had a strong artistic influence that continued throughout the era, many struggled financially after the First World War.

1978 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Henry Kahane

I grew up in the world of the Deutsches Theater, a witness of Reinhardt's early period in Berlin, in the years before the First World War. I remember Reinhardt's father, a noble, distinguished-looking gentleman, friendly, quiet, and dignified; Reinhardt's mother, shy and easily worried; their early home in Den Zelten, then later and for many years, the beautiful Old-Berlin house on the Kupfergraben; many evenings with endless telephone discussions between Max Reinhardt and my father, devoted to the interpretation of the play for which Reinhardt was preparing the Regiebuch; the exciting atmosphere of a dress rehearsal; the metropolitan, cosmopolitan glamour of a Reinhardt premiere; summers in Bavaria, where Reinhardt directed the Münchener Festspiele; the summer of 1913, in Massa and Carrara, when Reinhardt tried his hand with the new medium, the film. I came in touch with that world through the role played in it by my father, Arthur Kahane. It is his portrait that I should like to sketch.


2000 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
R. Soloviy

In the history of religious organizations of Western Ukraine in the 20-30th years of the XX century. The activity of such an early protestant denominational formation as the Ukrainian Evangelical-Reformed Church occupies a prominent position. Among UCRC researchers there are several approaches to the preconditions for the birth of the Ukrainian Calvinistic movement in Western Ukraine. In particular, O. Dombrovsky, studying the historical preconditions for the formation of the UREC in Western Ukraine, expressed the view that the formation of the Calvinist cell should be considered in the broad context of the Ukrainian national revival of the 19th and 20th centuries, a new assessment of the religious factor in public life proposed by the Ukrainian radical activists ( M. Drahomanov, I. Franko, M. Pavlik), and significant socio-political, national-cultural and spiritual shifts caused by the events of the First World War. Other researchers of Ukrainian Calvinism, who based their analysis on the confessional-polemical approach (I.Vlasovsky, M.Stepanovich), interpreted Protestantism in Ukraine as a product of Western cultural and religious influences, alien to Ukrainian spirituality and culture.


2020 ◽  
pp. 65-80
Author(s):  
Magdalena Strąk

The work aims to show a peculiar perspective of looking at photographs taken on the eve of the broadly understood disaster, which is specified in a slightly different way in each of the literary texts (Stefan Chwin’s autobiographical novel Krótka historia pewnego żartu [The brief history of a certain joke], a poem by Ryszard Kapuściński Na wystawie „Fotografia chłopów polskich do 1944 r.” [At an exhibition “The Polish peasants in photographs to 1944”] and Wisława Szymborska’s Fotografia z 11 września [Photograph from September 11]) – as death in a concentration camp, a general concept of the First World War or a terrorist attack. Upcoming tragic events – of which the photographed people are not yet aware – become for the subsequent recipient an inseparable element of reality contained in the frame. For the later observers, privileged with time perspective, the characters captured in the photograph are already victims of the catastrophe, which in reality was not yet recorded by the camera. It is a work about coexistence of the past and future in the field of photography.


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