1. Evolution of diplomacy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Siracusa
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Human History ◽  
International Peace ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
United Nations Charter

‘The evolution of dimplomacy’ looks briefly at the evolution of modern diplomacy, focusing on diplomats and what they do, paying attention to the art of treaty-making. A case can be made that treaties of international peace and cooperation comprise nothing less than the diplomatic landscape of human history, from the benchmark European treaties of the Congress of Vienna (1815), Brest-Litovsk (1918), and Versailles (1919) to the milestone events such as the Covenant of the League of Nations (1919), the United Nations Charter (1948), and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949).

scholarly journals The Future of Multilateralism

2018 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 339-341
Author(s):  
Edward Kwakwa
Keyword(s):  
Editorial Comment ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Law ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
International System ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
The North ◽  
The Future ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The United Nations

Multilateralism can be seen as the greatest source of legitimacy and inclusiveness in the international system. In thinking of multilateralism, I am inspired by Harlan Grant Cohen's Editorial Comment in the January 2018 issue of the American Journal of International Law, in which he explains that multilateralism is a process that is more inclusive than unilateralism or bilateralism. Following that definition, it would imply, for example, that cooperation activities at the United Nations (UN), with its membership of 193 States, are more a reflection of multilateralism than cooperation activities at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), with its membership of thirty-six states, or at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), with its membership of twenty-nine states. But by the same token, efforts at multilateralism could be harder to achieve results, given that achieving consensus among 193 countries would be more challenging than doing so among a smaller number of countries. It would also stand to reason that regional or plurilateral arrangements are less reflective of multilateralism than are multilateral arrangements. But of course, multilateralism should not only be viewed against a yardstick of numbers, but also in terms of legitimacy, effectiveness and impact of activities and outputs.

Collective Security: The Validity of an Ideal

1954 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard C. Johnson ◽  
Gerhart Niemeyer
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Security System ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

Collective security is a term that has been applied to a variety of different arrangements. Originally and traditionally, it denoted the League of Nations type of security system. Lately, it has been used to describe the North Atlantic Treaty Organization with its inter-governmental machinery, as well as other regional or non-regional defense pacts

NATO and Its Commentators: The First Five Years

1954 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence S. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
North America ◽  
United Nations ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
Armed Attack ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

The signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949, gave rise to a number of books and articles on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) the volume of which will probably continue for some time. The treaty and the organization that it created represent the clearest challenge to Soviet expansionism since the end of World War II. Through this action twelve nations of North America and western Europe resolved to consider an armed attack against one member an attack against them all, and to create sufficient stiength within the alliance to deter potential aggressors. But NATO's continuing interest to commentators stems from reasons other than its value as a weapon against the spread of communism. To some writers NATO appears to be a stimulant that would revive a moribund United Nations, to others it is the beginning of a new kind of alliance unprecedented in history, to still others, it is a symbol of America's rejection of isolationism. So vague are some of the treaty's articles and so rapid has been the evolution of the organization that almost any observer could derive whatever meaning he wishes out of NATO's development.

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