The Heterogonic Life Cycles of Oak Gall Wasps Need to Be Closed: A Lesson From Two Species of Dryophanta (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Ide ◽  
Yoshihisa Abe
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Adult Morphology ◽  
Asexual Generation ◽  
Gall Wasps ◽  
Sexual Generation ◽  
Taxonomic Confusion

Abstract In heterogonic gall wasps, the gall structure, phenology, and adult morphology differ between the asexual and sexual generations, even within the same species. Dryophanta japonica Ashmead and Dryophanta mitsukurii Ashmead were described in 1904, but their heterogonic life cycles were uncertain. To match their asexual and sexual generations, we compared the type specimens of both species with specimens of gall wasps reared to demonstrate heterogonic life cycles. This revealed that these two species are the respective asexual and sexual generations of a single heterogonic species. Based on the morphological characteristics, we transferred D. japonica to Cerroneuroterus Melika and Pujade-Villar as Cerroneuroterus japonicus (Ashmead, 1904) comb. nov. and treated the sexual generation as a junior synonym: Dryophanta mitsukurii  Ashmead, 1904  syn. nov. Moreover, we examined the type specimens of other species previously suggested to be synonymous with D. mitsukurii. This showed that Neuroterus vonkuenburgi  Dettmer, 1934  syn. nov. (and N. vonkuenburgi wakayamensis  Monzen, 1954  syn. nov.) is the asexual generation of C. japonicus and that Neuroterus bonihenrici  Dettmer, 1934  syn. nov. is the sexual generation. Judging from the original descriptions, Andricus asakawae  Shinji, 1943  syn. nov., Andricus kanagawae  Shinji, 1943  syn. nov., Andricus asakawae  Shinji, 1944  syn. nov., Andricus kanagawae  Shinji, 1944  syn. nov., and Neoneuroterus kashiyamai  Monzen, 1954  syn. nov. were also regarded as the sexual generation of C. japonicus. Finally, we discussed how matching asexual and sexual generations in heterogonic gall wasps not only avoids taxonomic confusion but also contributes to progress in gall wasp biology.

scholarly journals Unravelling the convoluted nomenclature of Marphysa simplex (Annelida, Eunicidae) with the proposal of a new name and the re-description of species

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-139
Author(s):  
Isabel Cristina Molina-Acevedo ◽  
Izwandy Idris
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anterior Region ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
New Name ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Group A ◽  
Taxonomic Confusion

Marphysa simplex is a name that three species bear within the same genus, but each has a different authority and morphological characteristics. This homonymy condition leads to taxonomic confusion and the finite designation of name-bearing is imperative. The current study focuses on two species identified as M. simplex Crossland, 1903 and M. simplex Treadwell, 1922 and a third one, recently considered a secondary homonymy, M. simplex (Langerhans, 1884), is also assessed. The available type specimens were examined and re-described in detail using updated characters and the original descriptions. Marphysa simplex (Langerhans, 1884) is herein judged as an indeterminable species. Marphysa simplex Crossland, 1903 is confirmed as a junior synonym of M. teretiuscula (Schmarda, 1861a) because the differences are minimal. Moreover, M. teretiuscula has characteristics similar to Group B2 (Sanguinea-group; only compound spinigers), instead of the Teretiuscula-group (compound spinigers in the anterior region, subacicular limbate in all chaetigers). On the other hand, M. simplex Treadwell, 1922 is a junior primary homonym of Crossland’s species replaced by M. fijiensisnom. nov. with the chaetal arrangement similar to Group A (limbate chaetae only). In conclusion, the name M. simplex is now unacceptable. The hypothesis on species group only with limbate chaetae and the redescription on M. teretiuscula is also given.

Redescription of the giant mud worm Paraleonnates uschakovi Khlebovich and Wu, 1962 (Polychaeta: Nereididae) with special reference to the synonymy of Periserrula leucophryna Paik, 1977 and the difference from Paraleonnates bolus (Hutchings and Reid, 1991)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3490 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAE-SANG HONG ◽  
BYUNG-MEE CHOI ◽  
AKI KUBO ◽  
MASANORI SATO
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Taxonomic Confusion ◽  
The Difference

There has been a long-standing taxonomic confusion over the name of a giant nereidid worm living in Asian intertidalmud flats. To clear up the confusion, we examined the type specimens of Paraleonnates uschakovi Khlebovich and Wu,1962 described from China as well as Periserrula leucophryna Paik, 1977 described from Korea (Polychaeta: Nereididae),together with additional non-type materials newly collected from Korea, China, Taiwan, and Thailand. Our results con-firmed that Periserrula leucophryna should be reduced to a junior synonym of Paraleonnates uschakovi as previouslynoted, and that this species is widely distributed in Asia, newly recorded from Taiwan and Thailand. We also present newinformation about the arrangement of three kinds of chaetae in the parapodia as a characteristic of this species. We alsocompared this species with Paraleonnates bolus (Hutchings and Reid, 1991) described from Australia and concluded thatthese are different species. Based on our examination, we propose the amended diagnosis of the genus ParaleonnatesKhlebovich and Wu, 1962. Paraleonnates Amoureux, 1985 erected as a monotypic genus for P. guadalupensis Amoureux,1985 was judged as a junior homonym of Paraleonnates Khlebovich and Wu, 1962, and P. guadalupensis is transferred to the genus Leonnates Kinberg, 1865.

scholarly journals Invertebrate Community Associated with the Asexual Generation of Bassettia pallida Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Weinersmith ◽  
Andrew A. Forbes ◽  
Anna K.G. Ward ◽  
Pedro F. P. Brandão-Dias ◽  
Y. Miles Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Major Question ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Asexual Generation ◽  
Gall Wasps ◽  
Diverse Community ◽  
Future Work

AbstractCynipid gall wasps play an important role in structuring oak invertebrate communities. Wasps in the Cynipini tribe typically lay their eggs in oaks (Quercus L.), and induce the formation of a “gall”, which is a tumor-like growth of plant material that surrounds the developing wasp. As the wasp develops, the cynipid and its gall are attacked by a diverse community of natural enemies, including parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, and inquilines. Determining what structures these species-rich natural enemy communities across cynipid gall wasp species is a major question in gall wasp biology. Additionally, gall wasps are ecosystem engineers, as the abandoned gall is used by other invertebrates. The gall-associated insect communities residing on live oaks (Quercus geminata Small and Q. virginiana Mill.) are emerging as a model system for answering ecological and evolutionary questions ranging from community ecology to the evolution of new species. Documenting the invertebrates associated with cynipids in this system will expand our understanding of the mechanisms influencing eco-evolutionary processes, record underexplored axes of biodiversity, and facilitate future work. Here, we present the community of natural enemies and other associates of the asexual generation of the crypt gall wasp, Bassettia pallida Ashmead. We compare the composition of this community to communities recently documented from two other cynipid gall wasps specializing on live oaks along the U.S. Gulf coast, Disholcaspis quercusvirens Ashmead and Belonocnema treatae Mayr. B. pallida and their crypts support a diverse arthropod community, including over 25 parasitoids, inquilines, and other associated invertebrates spanning 5 orders and 16 families.

Two new oak gall wasp species (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini) from Quercus pontica (Fagaceae) in Turkey

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5016 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-394
Author(s):  
MUSA AZMAZ ◽  
YUSUF KATILMIŞ
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
First Record ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Asexual Generation ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Sexual Generation

Two new species of oak gall wasp, Andricus mammadovi Azmaz &  Katılmış sp. n. sexual generation and Cynips fatihi Azmaz &  Katılmış sp. n. asexual generation (Cynipidae: Cynipini) are described from the eastern Black Sea region in Turkey. These species induce galls on Quercus pontica K.Koch representing the first record of cynipids associated with the natural Q. pontica population in Turkey. SEM images, photos of the host galls, and data on the diagnosis, distribution, and biology of both new species are provided.  

A new species of Cerroneuroterus Melika & Pujade-Villar from the Eastern Palaearctic (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini)

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4869 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-528
Author(s):  
JULI PUJADE-VILLAR ◽  
YIPING WANG ◽  
RUI GUO ◽  
ALBA SALA-NISHIKAWA ◽  
VICTOR CUESTA-PORTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Asexual Generation ◽  
Sexual Generation ◽  
A New Species

A new gall wasp species, Cerroneuroterus yukawamasudai Pujade-Villar & Melika sp. nov., is described from China. The asexual generation induces leaf lenticular galls, and the sexual generation induces catkin galls on Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis. Sexual females and males are not described yet. Data on the diagnosis, distribution, and biology of the new species are provided, including a key to sexual and asexual females of all described Cerroneuroterus species. Previous misidentifications of host galls recorded in Japan are commented on. Molecular analyses were performed to assess the validity of the genus Cerroneuroterus and the affiliation of the new species.  

scholarly journals Arthropod Community Associated With the Asexual Generation of Bassettia pallida (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 373-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L Weinersmith ◽  
Andrew A Forbes ◽  
Anna K G Ward ◽  
Pedro F P Brandão-Dias ◽  
Y Miles Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Arthropod Community ◽  
Insect Communities ◽  
Gall Wasp ◽  
Major Question ◽  
Wasp Species ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Asexual Generation ◽  
Gall Wasps

Abstract Cynipid gall wasps play an important role in structuring oak arthropod communities. Wasps in the Cynipini tribe typically lay their eggs in oaks (Quercus L.), and induce the formation of a ‘gall’, which is a tumor-like growth of plant material that surrounds the developing wasp. As the wasp develops, the cynipid and its gall are attacked by a diverse community of natural enemies, including parasitoids, hyperparasitoids, and inquilines. Determining what structures these species-rich natural enemy communities across cynipid gall wasp species is a major question in gall wasp biology. Additionally, gall wasps are ecosystem engineers, as the abandoned gall is used by other invertebrates. The gall-associated insect communities residing on live oaks (Quercus geminata Small and Quercus virginiana Mill.) are emerging as a model system for answering ecological and evolutionary questions ranging from community ecology to the evolution of new species. Documenting the arthropods associated with cynipids in this system will expand our understanding of the mechanisms influencing eco-evolutionary processes, record underexplored axes of biodiversity, and facilitate future work. Here, we present the community of natural enemies and other associates of the asexual generation of the crypt gall wasp, Bassettia pallida Ashmead. We compare the composition of this community to communities recently documented from two other cynipid gall wasps specializing on live oaks along the U.S. Gulf coast, Disholcaspis quercusvirens Ashmead and Belonocnema treatae Mayr. B. pallida and their galls support a diverse arthropod community, including over 25 parasitoids, inquilines, and other associated arthropods spanning 5 orders and 16 families.

scholarly journals Resurrection of Porites hawaiiensis Vaughan, 1907; a Hawaiian coral obscured by small size, cryptic habitat, and confused taxonomy

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2624 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZAC H. FORSMAN ◽  
JONATHAN A. MARTINEZ ◽  
JIM E. MARAGOS ◽  
ROBERT J. TOONEN
Keyword(s):  
Colony Size ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Marshall Islands ◽  
Coralline Algae ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Life History Characteristic ◽  
Small Patch

The purpose of this note is to propose recognition of Porites hawaiiensis Vaughan, 1907, (Figure 1A–D) a species currently regarded as a junior synonym of Porites rus (Forskål 1775), as a valid species, based on molecular and morphological characteristics. Vaughan (1907 p. 217, pl 91 figs 2, 2a) described Porites (Synaraea) hawaiiensis from a specimen collected from Kalihi Harbor on the island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i (Figure 1 C). Porites (Synarea) hawaiiensis was also reported from the Marshall Islands by Wells (1954 p. 455, pl 170 figs 6,7). Porites hawaiiensis was subsequently thought to be a junior synonym of Porites (Synaraea) convexa Verrill, 1864, due to the small calices that are characteristic of the subgenus Synaraea (Maragos 1977). Later both species were made synonyms of P. (Synaraea) rus, Forskål 1775 (Veron & Pichon 1982; Cairns 1991). Vaughan, 1907 described the calices of P. hawaiiensis as “densely spinulose” with “coenchyma” equaling, or exceeding the 0.5 mm diameter of the calices, and a pitted star shaped space between the pali (Figure 1C,D). In the absence of living specimens, the Vaughan, 1907 type specimen was difficult to distinguish from newly settled P. rus colonies, but upon closer examination in the field, Maragos et al. (2004) recognized small coral colonies that appeared to match the description of P. hawaiiensis. This species can readily be distinguished from Porites rus and other Porites by very small colony size (<10cm), mottled yellow and green-brown coloration, encrusting form, and thicket of spiny denticles between distantly spaced corallites (Figure 1A–D). Genetic data from Forsman et al. 2009 confirmed that this small ‘patch coral’ is distinct from P. rus (n = 3 of each species; uncorrected pair-wise distance; mtCOI = 0.5% ± 0.2 SE; mtCR = 0.7%, and nuclear ITS = 14.2 % ± 1.3 SE), and is also distinct from all other Hawaiian congeners. The genetic data further indicated that ‘Synaraea’ was surprisingly closely related to other Poritids and may not warrant sub-genus status (Forsman et al. 2009). Fenner (2005) referred to this same small ‘patch coral’ as Porites cf. bernardi, however; P. bernardi Vaughan, 1907 type specimens were coralliths (Figure 1E) with calices similar in size to those of most other Porites (Figure 1 F). The geographic range of Porites hawaiiensis is unknown, although it is abundant throughout the Northwest and Main Hawaiian Islands, and has been reported at depths from 1 to 55m (30 fathoms) in the Marshall Islands (Wells 1954). This species can be easily overlooked; it tends to grow in cryptic habitats (cracks, crevices, and interstitial spaces), and at first glance, the small patches of colonies (0.5–10cm) can be confused with crustose coralline algae, or new recruits of other Porites species. This species is remarkable because of its small adult colony size; a curious life history characteristic since many Porites in the Pacific can be among the largest and longest-lived scleractinain corals (Brown et al. 2009). We propose that this small ‘patch coral’ is a distinct species, and that P. hawaiiensis is the most appropriate name.

scholarly journals Revision of the species confused with “Nereis falsa” de Quatrefages, 1866 (Annelida, Nereididae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 779 ◽  
pp. 1-70
Author(s):  
Sergio I. Salazar-Vallejo ◽  
Jesús Angel De León-González ◽  
Victor M. Conde-Vela
Keyword(s):  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Hediste Diversicolor ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Mediterranean Populations ◽  
Western Africa ◽  
Taxonomic Confusion ◽  
The 19Th Century

Nereis falsa de Quatrefages, 1866 has been regarded as a cosmopolitan species, and several species described from different localities have been regarded as junior synonyms of N. falsa. The present study is an attempt to resolve the taxonomic confusion in N. falsa, which seems to contain several distinct species due to previous inappropriate synonymy, widely distributed in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans. For this purpose, the authors first propose the resurrection of the synonymy of N. falsa with Hediste diversicolor that was concluded during the 19th century but disregarded later. After the fixation of the identity of N. falsa sensu stricto, the authors re-evaluate the proper taxonomic status of species which have previously been confused with N. falsa. Type, topotype and non-type specimens were examined; most species are redescribed, and others are reinstated. Nereis splendida Grube, 1840 is a valid Mediterranean species, and a neotype is proposed; it includes the Mediterranean populations of what is currently regarded as N. falsa. Consequently, N. falsa is transferred to Hediste Malmgren, 1867, and some taxonomic comments are added for the latter genus and a key to species is also included. Nereis callaona Grube & Kröyer in Grube, 1857, N. marginata Grube & Örsted in Grube, 1857 and N. riisei Grube & Örsted in Grube, 1857 are restricted to tropical American shores and are all redescribed. Nereis pelagica lunulata Ehlers, 1901, formerly regarded as a junior synonym of N. falsa by Fauvel (1941), is redescribed and elevated in rank to species level. Nereis lucipeta Ehlers, 1908, formerly regarded as a junior synonym of N. splendida by Ehlers (1913) and of N. falsa by Fauvel (1919), is reinstated. Nereis occidentalis Hartman, 1945 is also redescribed. Furthermore, N. ambigua Treadwell, 1937, formerly regarded as a junior synonym of N. riisei by Monro (1933), deserves to be reinstated. Western Africa specimens recorded as N. falsa are newly described as N. mezianei sp. nov.

A new species of Paratrigonidium Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 from Hainan, China (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae; Trigonidiinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4363 (1) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
ZHUQING HE ◽  
YUQING LIU ◽  
HUI LU ◽  
HANQIANG WANG ◽  
PENG WANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
East China ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Normal University ◽  
One New Species ◽  
A New Species

One new species, Paratrigonidium chloropodum sp. nov., is described from Hainan, China. The type specimens are deposited in East China Normal University, Biology of History Museum (ECNU). S. venustula is moved to genus Paratrigonidium as P. venustulum comb. nov. P. vittatum Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 syn. is the junior synonym of P. venustulum. 

Taxonomy of the long brown scale Coccus longulus (Douglas), stat. n. (Homoptera: Coccidae)

1977 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. BEN-DOV
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Authentic Material

AbstractExamination of type specimens and other authentic material established that the earliest available name for the long brown scale is Coccus longulus (Douglas), stat. n. and that Lecanium elongation Signoret is a junior synonym of Parthenolecanium persicae (F.), syn. n. Detailed, illustrated descriptions of adult female C. longulus are given, based on collections from England, Australia, Israel and the U.S.A. Lectotypes are designated for C. longulus, Lecanium frontale Green and Lecanium acaciae Newstead. Coccus acaciae (Newstead), stat. n. is raised from synonymy and seven synonyms of C. longulus are listed.

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