scholarly journals The Neurocognitive Profile of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Review of Meta-Analyses

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle A Pievsky ◽  
Robert E McGrath
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Neurocognitive Profile ◽  
Meta Analyses

scholarly journals Polygenic association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder liability and cognitive impairments

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Vainieri ◽  
Joanna Martin ◽  
Anna-Sophie Rommel ◽  
Philip Asherson ◽  
Tobias Banaschewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Attention Regulation ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Background A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 12 independent loci significantly associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Polygenic risk scores (PRS), derived from the GWAS, can be used to assess genetic overlap between ADHD and other traits. Using ADHD samples from several international sites, we derived PRS for ADHD from the recent GWAS to test whether genetic variants that contribute to ADHD also influence two cognitive functions that show strong association with ADHD: attention regulation and response inhibition, captured by reaction time variability (RTV) and commission errors (CE). Methods The discovery GWAS included 19 099 ADHD cases and 34 194 control participants. The combined target sample included 845 people with ADHD (age: 8–40 years). RTV and CE were available from reaction time and response inhibition tasks. ADHD PRS were calculated from the GWAS using a leave-one-study-out approach. Regression analyses were run to investigate whether ADHD PRS were associated with CE and RTV. Results across sites were combined via random effect meta-analyses. Results When combining the studies in meta-analyses, results were significant for RTV (R2 = 0.011, β = 0.088, p = 0.02) but not for CE (R2 = 0.011, β = 0.013, p = 0.732). No significant association was found between ADHD PRS and RTV or CE in any sample individually (p > 0.10). Conclusions We detected a significant association between PRS for ADHD and RTV (but not CE) in individuals with ADHD, suggesting that common genetic risk variants for ADHD influence attention regulation.

scholarly journals Comparative meta-analyses of brain structural and functional abnormalities during cognitive control in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 894-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Lukito ◽  
Luke Norman ◽  
Christina Carlisi ◽  
Joaquim Radua ◽  
Heledd Hart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractBackgroundPeople with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have abnormalities in frontal, temporal, parietal and striato-thalamic networks. It is unclear to what extent these abnormalities are distinctive or shared. This comparative meta-analysis aimed to identify the most consistent disorder-differentiating and shared structural and functional abnormalities.MethodsSystematic literature search was conducted for whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of cognitive control comparing people with ASD or ADHD with typically developing controls. Regional gray matter volume (GMV) and fMRI abnormalities during cognitive control were compared in the overall sample and in age-, sex- and IQ-matched subgroups with seed-based d mapping meta-analytic methods.ResultsEighty-six independent VBM (1533 ADHD and 1295 controls; 1445 ASD and 1477 controls) and 60 fMRI datasets (1001 ADHD and 1004 controls; 335 ASD and 353 controls) were identified. The VBM meta-analyses revealed ADHD-differentiating decreased ventromedial orbitofrontal (z = 2.22, p < 0.0001) but ASD-differentiating increased bilateral temporal and right dorsolateral prefrontal GMV (zs ⩾ 1.64, ps ⩽ 0.002). The fMRI meta-analyses of cognitive control revealed ASD-differentiating medial prefrontal underactivation but overactivation in bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortices and precuneus (zs ⩾ 1.04, ps ⩽ 0.003). During motor response inhibition specifically, ADHD relative to ASD showed right inferior fronto-striatal underactivation (zs ⩾ 1.14, ps ⩽ 0.003) but shared right anterior insula underactivation.ConclusionsPeople with ADHD and ASD have mostly distinct structural abnormalities, with enlarged fronto-temporal GMV in ASD and reduced orbitofrontal GMV in ADHD; and mostly distinct functional abnormalities, which were more pronounced in ASD.

scholarly journals Interventions Based on Mind–Body Therapies for the Improvement of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Youth: A Systematic Review

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaira Barranco-Ruiz ◽  
Bingen Esturo Etxabe ◽  
Robinson Ramírez-Vélez ◽  
Emilio Villa-González
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Quality Tool

Background and objectives: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Mind–body therapies (MBTs) seem to be effective for improving health in different populations; however, whether a positive effect occurs in children and adolescents with ADHD is still controversial. The main aim of this systematic review was to analyse the interventions based on MBT aimed to improve the main ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify MBT studies on children and adolescents (4–18 years) with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD. Study quality was evaluated by the NIH quality tool (U.S. National Institute of Health). Results: There were positive results in eleven out of twelve included studies regarding the effect of the MBT interventions on ADHD symptoms. With respect to ADHD symptoms, we observed differences across studies. In relation to the studies’ quality, eleven studies were rated “poor” and one was rated as “fair”. Conclusions: MBTs, such as yoga or mindfulness, could be positive strategies to mitigate ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents. However, further research with high-quality designs, with randomization, greater sample sizes, and more intensive supervised practice programs are needed.

Advances in genetic findings on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1681-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANITA THAPAR ◽  
KATE LANGLEY ◽  
MICHAEL J. OWEN ◽  
MICHAEL C. O'DONOVAN
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Variable Number Tandem Repeat ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Developmental Features

ABSTRACTAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder with adverse consequences during adult life. Family, twin and adoption studies show that genetic factors contribute to the aetiology of ADHD and that environmental factors also play a role. Family and twin studies have shown the importance of genetic influences on continuity in ADHD over time and in accounting for the co-occurrence of ADHD and conduct disorder problems. In meta-analyses of molecular genetic studies, the 48-bp variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) variant in the dopamine D4 gene and the CA(n) microsatellite marker in the D5 receptor gene have been found to be repeatedly associated with ADHD. Results from meta-analyses of the 480-bp VNTR in the dopamine transporter gene are mixed. Several genetic studies have also identified genetic variants that are related to specific clinical and developmental features of ADHD. In the next few years, a new generation of much larger-scale genetic studies should lead to the identification of further ADHD susceptibility genes. Such studies will also need to be integrated with other areas of neuroscience, clinical and epidemiological research to investigate how specific gene variants exert risk effects, interact with environmental factors and enable identification of the underlying causal mechanisms that lead to ADHD.

Insights from neuroanatomical imaging into attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder throughout the lifespan

2020 ◽  
pp. 335-343
Author(s):  
Philip Shaw ◽  
Eszter Szekely
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Continuous Distribution ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Entire Genome ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Brain

The relatively recent advent of magnetic resonance imaging has given us an invaluable ‘window’ into the brain in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This chapter reviews the literature on the structural neuroimaging of ADHD throughout the lifespan. Meta-analyses and large individual studies converge to find anomalies in the basal ganglia in ADHD; some appear developmentally stable, while others are progressive. Compromise of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum are also commonly reported, and developmental trajectories of these structures have been linked with the highly variable clinical course of the disorder. ADHD can be considered dimensionally, lying at the extreme end of a continuous distribution of symptoms and underlying cognitive processes. Some studies find such dimensionality is also present in ADHD-related neuroanatomical change. Pilot studies have examined how variation in some candidate genes is tied to neuroanatomy in the disorder. Studies at the level of the entire genome await much larger cohorts.

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