scholarly journals Breeding Success in the Western Gull × Glaucous-Winged Gull Complex: The Influence of Habitat and Nest-Site Characteristics

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Good

AbstractThe nesting ecology of breeding pairs of the Western Gull × Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus occidentalis × glaucescens) hybrid complex was investigated at two locations in coastal Washington. In Grays Harbor, breeding performance (clutch size, hatching and fledging success) was highest in vegetated habitat where nests were most dense and where natural screens blocked the nearest neighbor. Egg loss, presumably from gull predators, was common except in areas of dense vegetation. At Tatoosh Island, egg loss was rare, and breeding performance was similar in vegetated and rock habitats. To test if physical structure around open-area nests influenced egg loss in Grays Harbor, predator-exclusion fences were erected around nests on a sandbar island lacking vegetation. Excluding predators reduced egg loss and increased hatching success relative to nests with adjacent natural screens (driftwood logs >30 cm tall) or nests lacking natural screens. Pairs that nest in habitats with adequate habitat structure appear to benefit in terms of lower egg loss and higher nesting success, especially in Grays Harbor. Increasing structure around individual nests may increase breeding success of gulls or other seabirds that experience extensive nest predation.Éxito Reproductivo en el Complejo Larus occidentalis × glaucescens: Influencia del Hábitat y las Características del Sitio de AnidaciónResumen. La ecología de anidación de parejas reproductivas del complejo híbrido Larus occidentalis × glaucescens fue investigada en dos localidades en la costa de Washington. En Grays Harbor, el desempeño reproductivo (en términos del tamaño de la nidada y el éxito de eclosión y emplumamiento) fue máximo en ambientes con vegetación donde los nidos estaban a mayor densidad y donde el vecino más cercano estaba separado por barreras naturales. La pérdida de huevos (presumiblemente ante gaviotas depredadoras) fue común excepto en áreas con vegetación densa. En la isla Tatoosh, la pérdida de huevos fue poco frecuente y el desempeño reproductivo fue similar en ambientes con vegetación y ambientes rocosos. Para determinar si la estructura física alrededor de los nidos en áreas abiertas influenciaba la pérdida de huevos en Grays Harbor, se construyeron cercas para excluir a los depredadores alrededor de nidos en una isla arenosa carente de vegetación. La exclusión de depredadores redujo la pérdida de huevos e incrementó el éxito de eclosión con relación a nidos con barreras naturales adyacentes (troncos de >30 cm de alto) y a nidos sin barreras naturales. Las parejas que anidan en ambientes con estructura de hábitat adecuada parecen beneficiarse en términos de una menor pérdida de huevos y un mayor éxito de anidación, especialmente en Grays Harbor. Incrementar la estructura alrededor de nidos individuales podría aumentar el éxito reproductivo de gaviotas u otras aves marinas sujetas a altos niveles de depredación de nidos.

The Condor ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm C. Coulter

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy R. Malpas ◽  
Rosalind J. Kennerley ◽  
Graham J.M. Hirons ◽  
Rob D. Sheldon ◽  
Malcolm Ausden ◽  
...  

The Auk ◽  
1928 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-200
Author(s):  
Earl G. Wright

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond J. Pierotti ◽  
Cynthia A. Annett

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 1710-1720 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Chiaradia ◽  
Manuela G. Forero ◽  
Keith A. Hobson ◽  
J. Mike Cullen

Abstract Chiaradia, A., Forero, M. G., Hobson, K. A., and Cullen, J. M. 2010. Changes in diet and trophic position of a top predator 10 years after a mass mortality of a key prey. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1710–1720. After the disappearance of primary prey, seabirds exhibit gradually decreased breeding performance, and eventually the population size drops. Results are presented of an investigation into the diet of little penguins (Eudyptula minor) at Phillip Island, Australia, during a period when their key prey, pilchard (Sardinops sagax), declined dramatically. Data from stomach flushing (1982–2006) were used, supported by stable isotope (δ15N, δ13C) analyses of blood samples (2003, 2004, and 2006). The effect of the pilchard mortality on penguin diet was immediate, the birds shifting to a diet almost devoid of pilchard, and this was followed by 2 years of low breeding success, with considerably fewer penguins coming ashore. During periods when pilchard was not part of the diet, penguins consumed prey of a higher trophic level, e.g. higher values of δ15N. Variability in penguin blood δ15N coincided with years of low prey diversity. The disappearance of pilchard resulted in a decrease in prey diversity and led penguins to “fish up” the foodweb, possibly because of the simplified trophic structure. After 1998, however, breeding success re-attained average levels and the numbers of penguins coming ashore increased, probably because of increased abundance of prey other than pilchard after a 3-year period of food scarcity. Although little penguins apparently compensated over time, a less-flexible diet could make them ultimately vulnerable to further changes in their foodweb.


The Auk ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Pierotti ◽  
Cheryl A. Bellrose

Abstract It is generally observed in gulls (Larus spp.) that produce a typical clutch of three that the third- or last-laid egg is smaller and lighter than its earlier-laid counterparts. This typically results in the third chick hatching later, growing at a slower rate, and having a higher rate of mortality. This suite of factors has been described as the "third-chick disadvantage," and various functional interpretations have been suggested to explain its adaptive basis. We report on egg size, chick growth, and survival in a population of Western Gulls (Larus occidentalis) where the third-chick disadvantage appeared to be nonexistent. We suggest that functional interpretations of this phenomenon may be premature and that variation in egg size in gulls may simply be due to variation in female energy reserves, and that in colonies where food is abundant and nest density low, the third-chick disadvantage may be reduced or absent.


The Auk ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
George L. Hunt ◽  
Zoe A. Eppley ◽  
David C. Schneider

Abstract We compared reproductive performance of five species of seabirds at two colonies, St. George Island (2.5 million birds) and St. Paul Island (250,000 birds), in the southeastern Bering Sea. All species had lower chick growth rates at the larger colony, and the differences were statistically significant in four species. Fledge weights of Common Murres (Uria aalge) on St. George Island were 84-88% of those on St. Paul. Average fledge weights of Thick-billed Murres (Uria lomvia) on St. George were only 74% of those for chicks from St. Paul. We found no significant differences in clutch size or breeding success between populations breeding at the two colonies. For three species, Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), Common Murres, and Thick-billed Murres, we extended our analysis to include published data from other colonies. We examined breeding performance as a function of colony size, population size (suggestive of intraspecific competition), and "effective colony size," the sum of the populations of species with considerable dietary overlap (suggestive of interspecific competition for food). We found consistently negative relationships between population size and several measures of breeding performance (clutch size, growth rate, fledge weight, and breeding success). In addition to the lower breeding success at colonies that support large populations, chicks from these colonies may be subject to higher postfledging mortality because of fledging at lower weights.


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