scholarly journals Testing the Risk-Disturbance Hypothesis in a Fragmented Landscape: Nonlinear Responses of House Sparrows to Humans

The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Fernández-Juricic ◽  
Angel Sallent ◽  
Ruben Sanz ◽  
Iñaki RodrÍguez-Prieto

Abstract We used House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) as a model species to assess responses to different levels of human visitation in a fragmented urban landscape. Regionally, we analyzed linear and nonlinear variation in breeding densities in relation to observed pedestrian rates in forest fragments. Locally, we tested experimentally the resource-use–disturbance trade-off hypothesis, which suggests that an increase in the frequency of human visitation decreases the frequency of resource use by an animal, assuming that individuals react to humans as if they were potential predators, and that responses depend upon the probability of visually detecting humans. Breeding densities peaked at intermediate pedestrian rates in two consecutive years. Consumption rates of artificial food within fragments were higher at intermediate pedestrian rates, which may indicate that this species uses people as cues to find food. Consumption rates decreased at high pedestrian rates as a result of low tolerance to people and a reduction in the time devoted to foraging. Our results imply a balance between attraction to and avoidance of humans to account for these nonlinear responses, and that the resource-use–disturbance trade-off hypothesis can be a useful mechanistic explanation for understanding the responses to humans of species that may receive a direct or indirect benefit from human presence. Probando la Hipótesis del Riesgo-Perturbación en un Paisaje Fragmentado: Respuestas No Lineales de Passer domesticus hacia Humanos Resumen. Se escogió a Passer domesticus como especie modelo para analizar su respuesta a distintos niveles de perturbación humana en un ambiente urbano fragmentado. Regionalmente, se analizaron las variaciones lineales y no-lineales en las densidades reproductivas con relación a la tasa observada de visitantes a fragmentos forestales. Localmente, se comprobó experimentalmente la hipótesis del balance entre el uso del recurso y perturbación, la cual analiza la relación entre la frecuencia de visita y la frecuencia de uso del recurso, suponiendo que los animales reaccionan hacia los humanos como si fuesen depredadores, y que las respuestas dependen de las probabilidades de detección de humanos. Las densidades reproductivas en dos años consecutivos fueron más elevadas con tasas de visita intermedias. Las tasas de consumo dentro de fragmentos mostraron un pico cuando la frecuencia de visita fue intermedia, lo que sugiere que esta especie utiliza a los humanos como indicadores de alimento; pero la tasa de consumo disminuyó con frecuencias de visita mas elevadas como resultado de la baja tolerancia hacia humanos y la reducción del tiempo dedicado a la alimentación. Nuestros resultados indican que un balance entre atracción y repulsión hacia humanos está involucrado en las respuestas no lineales y que la hipótesis del balance entre el uso del recurso y el disturbio puede ser una explicación apropiada para comprender las respuestas de especies que reciben un beneficio directo o indirecto de la presencia humana.

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 140 (10) ◽  
pp. 1275-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
HÅKON HOLAND ◽  
HENRIK JENSEN ◽  
JARLE TUFTO ◽  
BERNT-ERIK SÆTHER ◽  
THOR HARALD RINGSBY

SUMMARYWhen investigating parasite–host dynamics in wild populations, a fundamental parameter to investigate is prevalence. This quantifies the percentage of individuals infected in the population. Investigating how prevalence changes over time and space can reveal interesting aspects in the parasite–host relationship in natural populations. We investigated the dynamic between a common avian parasite (Syngamus trachea) in a host metapopulation of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) on the coast of Helgeland in northern Norway. We found that parasite prevalence varied in both time and space. In addition, the parasite prevalence was found to be different between demographic groups in the local populations. Our results reveal just how complex the dynamic between a host and its parasite may become in a fragmented landscape. Although temperature may be an important factor, the specific mechanisms causing this complexity are not fully understood, but need to be further examined to understand how parasite–host interactions may affect the ecological and evolutionary dynamics and viability of host populations.


The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Fernández-Juricic ◽  
Angel Sallent ◽  
Ruben Sanz ◽  
Iñaki RodrÍguez-Prieto

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1733) ◽  
pp. 1560-1566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Koren ◽  
Shinichi Nakagawa ◽  
Terry Burke ◽  
Kiran K. Soma ◽  
Katherine E. Wynne-Edwards ◽  
...  

Potential mechanistic mediators of Darwinian fitness, such as stress hormones or sex hormones, have been the focus of many studies. An inverse relationship between fitness and stress or sex hormone concentrations has been widely assumed, although empirical evidence is scarce. Feathers gradually accumulate hormones during their growth and provide a novel way to measure hormone concentrations integrated over time. Using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, we measured testosterone, corticosterone and cortisol in the feathers of house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ) in a wild population which is the subject of a long-term study. Although corticosterone is considered the dominant avian glucocorticoid, we unambiguously identified cortisol in feathers. In addition, we found that feathers grown during the post-nuptial moult in autumn contained testosterone, corticosterone and cortisol levels that were significantly higher in birds that subsequently died over the following winter than in birds that survived. Thus, feather steroids are candidate prospective biomarkers to predict the future survival of individuals in the wild.


1973 ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl J. Mitchell ◽  
Richard O. Hayes

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