scholarly journals Estimating Population Trends With a Linear Model

The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-372
Author(s):  
Jonathan Bart ◽  
Brian Collins ◽  
R. I G. Morrison

Abstract We describe a simple and robust method for estimating trends in population size. The method may be used with Breeding Bird Survey data, aerial surveys, point counts, or any other program of repeated surveys at permanent locations. Surveys need not be made at each location during each survey period. The method differs from most existing methods in being design based, rather than model based. The only assumptions are that the nominal sampling plan is followed and that sample size is large enough for use of the t-distribution. Simulations based on two bird data sets from natural populations showed that the point estimate produced by the linear model was essentially unbiased even when counts varied substantially and 25% of the complete data set was missing. The estimating-equation approach, often used to analyze Breeding Bird Survey data, performed similarly on one data set but had substantial bias on the second data set, in which counts were highly variable. The advantages of the linear model are its simplicity, flexibility, and that it is self-weighting. A user-friendly computer program to carry out the calculations is available from the senior author. Estimación de Tendencias Poblacionales con un Modelo Lineal Resumen. Decribimos un método simple y robusto para estimar tendencias en tamaños poblacionales. El método puede utilizarse con datos del Censo de Aves Reproductivas, de censos áereos, de conteos por punto o de cualquier otro programa de censos repetidos en localidades permanentes. Los censos no necesitan hacerse en cada localidad durante cada período de censado. El método difiere de la mayoría de los que existen en que está basado en un diseño y no en un modelo. Las únicas suposiciones son que se sigue el plan de muestreo nominal y que el tamaño de muestreo es suficientemente grande para el uso de la distribución t. Simulaciones basadas en dos grupos de datos de poblaciones naturales de aves mostraron que el estimativo puntual producido por el modelo fue esencialmente no sesgado, incluso cuando los conteos variaban sustancialmente y faltaba el 25% del juego completo de datos. El enfoque de estimación de ecuaciones, usado con frecuencia para analizar datos del Censo de Aves Reproductivas, se comportó de manera similar en un grupo de datos, pero presentó un marcado sesgo en el otro, en el que los conteos eran altamente variables. Las ventajas del modelo lineal son su simplicidad, flexibilidad y que se auto-evalua. Un programa de computador de fácil uso para realizar los cálculos está disponible a través del primer autor.

The Condor ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth V. Rosenberg ◽  
Peter J. Blancher ◽  
Jessica C. Stanton ◽  
Arvind O. Panjabi

Ecology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 2653-2653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather J. Lynch ◽  
Ron Naveen ◽  
Paula Casanovas

The Condor ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elly C Knight ◽  
Adam C Smith ◽  
R Mark Brigham ◽  
Erin M Bayne

Abstract Standardized monitoring is critical for conservation because reliable survey data are used to inform the necessity, type, and effectiveness of conservation actions. Many of the avian monitoring data used for conservation are collected by “comprehensive” programs that survey for all species observed; however, there are some species that have low availability for detection during comprehensive surveys and are instead monitored with targeted programs. Unfortunately, those targeted programs are rarely evaluated relative to existing programs and management objectives to inform allocation of effort. We assessed the statistical performance of the comprehensive North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), the targeted Canadian Nightjar Survey (CNS), and the two programs combined for the Common Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor). First, we used parameters from the existing datasets to simulate population declines and determined the probability of detecting those declines. Analyses that combined both datasets resulted in higher probability of detecting a 30% population decline (BBS: 38%, CNS: 64%, combined: 69%). Next, we built probability of occurrence models and assessed the predictive performance of those models. Combined analyses had similar predictive performance to the CNS and moderated poor performance of the BBS in the north (mean Cohen’s kappa; BBS: 0.40, CNS: 0.46, combined: 0.50). Our results suggest that data from targeted monitoring is important for evaluation of Common Nighthawk population trend and habitat relationships but is best combined with BBS data. Comprehensive and targeted monitoring programs may be better when considered together, and exploration of data combination should become the rule, not the exception. We suggest that the framework we present can be used as a starting point for evaluating targeted monitoring programs relative to defined objectives and existing programs, with the potential to explore hypothetical management scenarios.


The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Sauer ◽  
William A. Link ◽  
J. Andrew Royle

Abstract Controversy has sometimes arisen over whether there is a need to accommodate the limitations of survey design in estimating population change from the count data collected in bird surveys. Analyses of surveys such as the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS) can be quite complex; it is natural to ask if the complexity is necessary, or whether the statisticians have run amok. Bart et al. (2003) propose a very simple analysis involving nothing more complicated than simple linear regression, and contrast their approach with model-based procedures. We review the assumptions implicit to their proposed method, and document that these assumptions are unlikely to be valid for surveys such as the BBS. One fundamental limitation of a purely design-based approach is the absence of controls for factors that influence detection of birds at survey sites. We show that failure to model observer effects in survey data leads to substantial bias in estimation of population trends from BBS data for the 20 species that Bart et al. (2003) used as the basis of their simulations. Finally, we note that the simulations presented in Bart et al. (2003) do not provide a useful evaluation of their proposed method, nor do they provide a valid comparison to the estimating- equations alternative they consider. Estimando Tendencias Poblacionales con un Modelo Lineal: Comentarios Técnicos Resumen. A veces ha surgido controversia sobre la necesidad de considerar las limitantes del diseño de muestreo al estimar cambios poblacionales a partir de datos de conteos de aves. Los análisis de muestreos como el Muestreo de Aves Reproductivas de América del Norte (North American Breeding Bird Survey [BBS]) pueden ser bastante complejos; es natural preguntarse si esta complejidad es necesaria, o si los aná lisis estadísticos son desmedidos. Bart et al. (2003) proponen un análisis muy simple que sólo involucra regresión lineal simple, y contrastan su enfoque con los procedimientos basados en modelos. Nosotros revisamos los supuestos implícitos en el método que ellos proponen y documentamos que estos supuestos no son probablemente válidos para muestreos tales como el BBS. Una limitante fundamental de un enfoque basado exclusivamente en el diseño es la ausencia de controles para factores que influencian la detección de aves en los sitios de muestreo. Mostramos que el hecho de no modelar los efectos del observador en los datos de muestreo lleva a sesgos substanciales en las estimaciones de las tendencias poblacionales de las 20 especies que Bart et al. (2003) usaron como la base de sus simulaciones a partir de datos del BBS. Finalmente, notamos que las simulaciones presentadas en Bart et al. (2003) no brindan una evaluación útil del método que proponen ni tampoco ofrecen una comparación vá lida para la alternativa de estimación de ecuaciones que ellos consideran.


1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 2062-2069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey V. Wells ◽  
Kenneth V. Rosenberg ◽  
Diane L. Tessaglia ◽  
André A. Dhondt

The Varied Thrush (Ixoreus naevius), an endemic species of the Pacific Northwest of North America, shows dramatic year-to-year changes in wintering abundance. These changes have not, however, been systematically examined using standardized data. Using Project FeederWatch data from 1988–1989 to 1994–1995 we found that Varied Thrushes showed a biennial cyclic change in abundance within most of their normal wintering range. This cyclic pattern was also evident in Christmas Bird Count and Breeding Bird Survey data from the same time period. There was no difference in the extent or location of the winter range or in the distribution of elevations of Varied Thrush records between years of high and low abundance. More feeders had single Varied Thrushes in years of high abundance than in years of low abundance. Longer term (1969–1970 to 1994–1995) Christmas Bird Count and Breeding Bird Survey data showed a more variable pattern, with abundance peaks every 2–3 years. The number of vagrant Varied Thrushes from eastern North America reported in Audubon Field Notes winter season reports was not correlated with abundance in the normal wintering and breeding areas but was correlated with the number of Varied Thrushes tallied on southern California Christmas Bird Counts. These results suggest that patterns of vagrancy in Varied Thrushes are largely independent of population changes within the normal wintering area.


2015 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 1051-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guthrie S. Zimmerman ◽  
John R. Sauer ◽  
Kathy Fleming ◽  
William A. Link ◽  
Pamela R. Garrettson

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