Effectiveness of passive case detection for imported malaria in a hospital setting in Sri Lanka during the prevention of re-introduction phase of malaria

Abstract Background Sri Lanka sustained its malaria-free status by implementing, among other interventions, three core case detection strategies namely Passive Case Detection (PCD), Reactive Case Detection (RACD) and Proactive Case Detection (PACD). The outcomes of these strategies were analysed in terms of their effectiveness in detecting malaria infections for the period from 2017-2019. Methods Comparisons were made between the surveillance methods and between years, based on data obtained from the national malaria database and individual case reports of malaria patients. The number of blood smears examined microscopically was used as the measure of the volume of tests conducted. The yield from each case detection method was calculated as the proportion of blood smears which were positive for malaria. Within RACD and PACD, the yield of sub categories of travel cohorts and spatial cohorts was ascertained for 2019. Results A total of 158 malaria cases were reported in 2017-2019. During this period between 666,325-725,149 blood smears were examined annually. PCD detected 95.6%, with a yield of 16.1 cases per 100,000 blood smears examined. RACD and PACD produced a yield of 11.2 and 0.3, respectively. The yield of screening the sub category of travel cohorts was very high for RACD and PACD being 806.5 and 44.9 malaria cases per 100,000 smears, respectively. Despite over half of the blood smears examined being obtained by screening spatial cohorts within RACD and PACD, the yield of both was zero over all three years. Conclusions The PCD arm of case surveillance is the most effective and, therefore, has to continue and be further strengthened as the mainstay of malaria surveillance. Focus on travel cohorts within RACD and PACD should be even greater. Screening of spatial cohorts, on a routine basis and solely because people are resident in previously malarious areas, may be wasteful, except in situations where the risk of local transmission is very high, or is imminent. These findings may apply more broadly to most countries in the post-elimination phase.

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A comparative analysis of the outcome of malaria case surveillance strategies in Sri Lanka in the prevention of re‐establishment phase

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-021-03621-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

W. M. Kumudunayana T. de A. W. Gunasekera ◽

Risintha Premaratne ◽

Deepika Fernando ◽

Muzrif Munaz ◽

M. G. Y. Piyasena ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Case Reports ◽

Individual Case ◽

Case Detection ◽

Malaria Surveillance ◽

Blood Smears ◽

Passive Case Detection ◽

Routine Basis ◽

Detection Strategies ◽

Very High

Abstract Background Sri Lanka sustained its malaria-free status by implementing, among other interventions, three core case detection strategies namely Passive Case Detection (PCD), Reactive Case Detection (RACD) and Proactive Case Detection (PACD). The outcomes of these strategies were analysed in terms of their effectiveness in detecting malaria infections for the period from 2017 to 2019. Methods Comparisons were made between the surveillance methods and between years, based on data obtained from the national malaria database and individual case reports of malaria patients. The number of blood smears examined microscopically was used as the measure of the volume of tests conducted. The yield from each case detection method was calculated as the proportion of blood smears which were positive for malaria. Within RACD and PACD, the yield of sub categories of travel cohorts and spatial cohorts was ascertained for 2019. Results A total of 158 malaria cases were reported in 2017–2019. During this period between 666,325 and 725,149 blood smears were examined annually. PCD detected 95.6 %, with a yield of 16.1 cases per 100,000 blood smears examined. RACD and PACD produced a yield of 11.2 and 0.3, respectively. The yield of screening the sub category of travel cohorts was very high for RACD and PACD being 806.5 and 44.9 malaria cases per 100,000 smears, respectively. Despite over half of the blood smears examined being obtained by screening spatial cohorts within RACD and PACD, the yield of both was zero over all three years. Conclusions The PCD arm of case surveillance is the most effective and, therefore, has to continue and be further strengthened as the mainstay of malaria surveillance. Focus on travel cohorts within RACD and PACD should be even greater. Screening of spatial cohorts, on a routine basis and solely because people are resident in previously malarious areas, may be wasteful, except in situations where the risk of local transmission is very high, or is imminent. These findings may apply more broadly to most countries in the post-elimination phase.

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A Comparative Analysis of the Outcome of Malaria Case Surveillance Strategies in Sri Lanka in the Prevention of Re-establishment Phase

10.21203/rs.3.rs-131531/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

W. M. Kumudunayana T. de A. W Gunasekera ◽

Risintha Premaratne ◽

Deepika Fernando ◽

Muzrif Munaz ◽

M. G. Y. Piyasena ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Case Reports ◽

Individual Case ◽

Case Detection ◽

Malaria Surveillance ◽

Blood Smears ◽

Passive Case Detection ◽

Routine Basis ◽

Detection Strategies ◽

Very High

Abstract BackgroundSri Lanka sustained its malaria-free status by implementing, among other interventions, three core case detection strategies. The outcomes of these strategies - namely Passive Case Detection (PCD) and, under the overall strategy of Active Case Detection (ACD), Reactive Case Detection (RACD) and Proactive Case Detection (PACD) - were analysed in terms of their effectiveness in detecting malaria infections for the period from 2017-2019.MethodsComparisons were made between the surveillance methods and between years, based on data obtained from the national malaria database and individual case reports of malaria patients. The number of blood smears examined microscopically was used as the measure of the volume of tests conducted. The yield from each case detection method was calculated as the proportion of blood smears which were positive for malaria. Within RACD and PACD, the yield of sub categories of travel cohorts and spatial cohorts was ascertained for 2019.Results A total of 158 malaria cases were reported in 2017-2019, during which between 666,325-725,149 blood smears were examined each year: PCD detected 95.6%, with a yield of 16.1 cases per 100,000 blood smears examined, making it the most effective case detection strategy, while RACD and PACD produced a yield of 11.2 and 0.3 respectively. The yield of screening the sub category of travel cohorts was very high for RACD and PACD being 806.5 and 44.9 malaria cases per 100,000 smears respectively. Despite over half of the blood smears examined being obtained by screening spatial cohorts within RACD and PACD, the yield of both was zero over all three years.Conclusions The PCD arm of case surveillance is the most effective, and therefore, has to continue and be further strengthened as the mainstay in malaria surveillance. Focus on travel cohorts within RACD and PACD should be even greater. Screening of spatial cohorts, on a routine basis and solely because people are resident in previously malarious areas, may be wasteful, except in situations where the risk of local transmission is very high, or is imminent.

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Evaluation report on the results of the passive case detection conducted in the Korea malaria pre-eradication progamme during the period 1960-1965

The Korean Journal of Parasitology ◽

10.3347/kjp.1966.4.1.1 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Yung Han Paik ◽

C. van der Gugten A.

Keyword(s):

Case Detection ◽

Evaluation Report ◽

Passive Case Detection

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Probability of Resurgence and Scale of Transmission of COVID-19 in China Depend on Passive Case Detection Capacity

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3975357 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jinhua Pan ◽

Zhixi Liu ◽

Xinyu Wang ◽

Ye Yao ◽

Weibing Wang

Keyword(s):

Case Detection ◽

Passive Case Detection

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Interobserver reproducibility of Gleason histological grading of prostatic carcinoma: a study done in a teaching hospital setting in Colombo, Sri Lanka

Journal of Diagnostic Pathology ◽

10.4038/jdp.v9i1.7641 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 18

Author(s):

R D A S Francisco ◽

M C Joseph

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Teaching Hospital ◽

Prostatic Carcinoma ◽

Hospital Setting ◽

Histological Grading ◽

Interobserver Reproducibility

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Preventing the re-establishment of malaria in Sri Lanka amidst the COVID-19 pandemic

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-020-03465-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Prasad Ranaweera ◽

Rajitha Wickremasinghe ◽

Kamini Mendis

Keyword(s):

Sri Lanka ◽

Task Force ◽

Health Sector ◽

Police Department ◽

Control Programme ◽

Imported Malaria ◽

World Health ◽

Cumulative Number ◽

Health Organization ◽

Health Programmes

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has had a considerable impact on other health programmes in countries, including on malaria, and is currently under much discussion. As many countries are accelerating efforts to eliminate malaria or to prevent the re-establishment of malaria from recently eliminated countries, the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to cause major interruptions to ongoing anti-malaria operations and risk jeopardizing the gains that have been made so far. Sri Lanka, having eliminated malaria in 2012, was certified by the World Health Organization as a malaria-free country in 2016 and now implements a rigorous programme to prevent its re-establishment owing to the high receptivity and vulnerability of the country to malaria. Sri Lanka has also dealt with the COVID-19 epidemic quite successfully limiting the cumulative number of infections and deaths through co-ordinated efforts between the health sector and other relevant sectors, namely the military, the Police Department, Departments of Airport and Aviation and Foreign Affairs, all of which have been deployed for the COVID-19 epidemic under the umbrella of a Presidential Task Force. The relevance of imported infections and the need for a multi-sectoral response are features common to both the control of the COVID-19 epidemic and the Prevention of Re-establishment (POR) programme for malaria. Sri Lanka’s malaria POR programme has, therefore, creatively integrated its activities with those of the COVID-19 control programme. Through highly coordinated operations the return to the country of Sri Lankan nationals stranded overseas by the COVID-19 pandemic, many from malaria endemic countries, are being monitored for malaria as well as COVID-19 in an integrated case surveillance system under quarantine conditions, to the success of both programmes. Twenty-three imported malaria cases were detected from February to October through 2773 microscopic blood examinations performed for malaria in quarantine centres, this number being not much different to the incidence of imported malaria during the same period last year. This experience highlights the importance of integrated case surveillance and the need for a highly coordinated multi-sectoral approach in dealing with emerging new infections. It also suggests that synergies between the COVID-19 epidemic control programme and other health programmes may be found and developed to the advantage of both.

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