Correlation between p53 and Mdm2 expression with histopathological parameters in cattle squamous cell carcinomas

Background and Aim: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common form of carcinoma in cattle. Histopathological grading systems have been utilized over several decades for estimating the malignancy of cattle SCCs. This study aimed to detect p53 and Mdm2 expression in different SCC cases in cattle and correlate their expression with the SCC histopathological grading. Materials and Methods: Cattle SCC cases were collected at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Nineveh. The SCC grading system categorized the cases histologically based on their differentiation grade into three groups: Well, moderately, and poorly differentiated. The SCC cases were subsequently verified for p53 and Mdm2 immunoexpression. Results: Fourteen of 16 examined cattle SCC samples tested positive for p53 expression. Moreover, 15 out of the 16 SCC samples tested positive for Mdm2 expression. The increased immunoreactivity of both p53 and Mdm2 was associated with a poor histological grading of the cattle SCC. There is a positive correlation between the nuclear expression of p53 and Mdm2, and the degree of differentiation and the number of mitotic figures in the examined cattle SCC samples. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate an increased p53 and Mdm2 expression in cattle SCC cases characterized by poor histopathological grading, thus suggesting an essential role of these molecules in the development of moderately and poorly differentiated SCC in cattle.

Molecular Classification and Therapeutic Targets in Ependymoma

Ependymoma is a biologically diverse tumor wherein molecular classification has superseded traditional histological grading based on its superior ability to characterize behavior, prognosis, and possible targeted therapies. The current, updated molecular classification of ependymoma consists of ten distinct subgroups spread evenly among the spinal, infratentorial, and supratentorial compartments, each with its own distinct clinical and molecular characteristics. In this review, the history, histopathology, standard of care, prognosis, oncogenic drivers, and hypothesized molecular targets for all subgroups of ependymoma are explored. This review emphasizes that despite the varied behavior of the ependymoma subgroups, it remains clear that research must be performed to further elucidate molecular targets for these tumors. Although not all ependymoma subgroups are oncologically aggressive, development of targeted therapies is essential, particularly for cases where surgical resection is not an option without causing significant morbidity. The development of molecular therapies must rely on building upon our current understanding of ependymoma oncogenesis, as well as cultivating transfer of knowledge based on malignancies with similar genomic alterations.

TO ESTABLISH THE CORRELATION BETWEEN P53 AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL GRADING OF GLIAL TUMORS

Glial tumors occupy approximately 70% of the spectrum of all brain tumors with astrocytoma’s being the most common primary. High grade glial tumors have a poor outcome with limited survival rate. To establish the correlation between p53 status and histological grading of glial tumors. Objectives: To diagnose glial tumors on histopathological examination, to evaluate histological grade, to evaluate p53 expression and to assess the correlation between p53 expression and histological grade of gliomas. The study investigated 52 cases of gliomas. Histological grade was determined by WHO Grading System. Nuclear expression of p53 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. A direct correlation between the histological grade and the p53 expression was observed. High grade gliomas exhibit high p53 expression. Thus, p53 as an adjunct to histological grade can provide a supportive clue to the clinicians, to predict the biological behaviour of gliomas.

Human papilloma virus prevalence and its correlation with clinical presentation and histological grading in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of Human Papilloma virus 16 in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma presenting at Isra University Hospital and to correlate the existence of Human Papilloma virus 16 in squamous cell carcinoma with clinical presentation, habits and histological grading. Study Design: Interventional Study. Setting: Department of Oral Surgery, Isra Dental College Hospital. Period: July 2017 to December 2017. Material & Methods: A sample of 60 patients presenting were selected by non-probability purposive sampling. Patients reporting to Isra Dental College, Oral Surgery OPD Isra University during the study period with clinical suspicion of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma were included. Results: Age category was from 20 till 60+ years of age whereas age group of 40-49 (36.7%) was the most frequent age in the study population followed by 30-39 (30%) years and 50-59 (23.3%) years of age respectively. The mean and standard deviation was 43.35 ± 10.156 respectively. Maximum numbers of people were seen to have more than one habit i.e. they were using guthka with smoking or areca nut with guthka and smoking etc. areca nut, cigarette smoking and guthka were among the others most used. The mean was 6.32 with standard deviation of 2.954. Most of the patients had submucous fibrosis on the right side of buccal vestibule 24 (40%) and 22 (36.7%) had submucous fibrosis on the left side of buccal vestibule. 56 (93.3%) of the patients had well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma whereas 4 (6.7%) has moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. No patients were seen to have poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion: In conclusion, the Prevalence of HPV 16 in our study was found to be 11.7%. There was no association between habits and histological grading with Human Papillomavirus 16 in patient with oral squamous cell carcinoma. But there was association between HPV16 and clinical presentation of OSCC because of p-value (.015) which was significant.