Subthalamo-Pallidal Circuit

2017 ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Charles J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata ◽  
Modern Methods

The subthalamo-pallidal system constitutes the second layer of circuitry in the basal ganglia, downstream of the striatum. It consists of four nuclei. Two of them, the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) and subthalamic nucleus (STN), make their connections primarily within the basal ganglia. The others, the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), are the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. Collectively, their axons distribute collaterals to all the targets of the basal ganglia. Rare interneurons have been reported in each of them from studies of Golgi-stained preparations, but they have not so far been confirmed using more modern methods. The circuit as described here is based primarily on studies of the axonal arborizations of neurons stained individually by intracellular or juxtacellular labeling.

scholarly journals Activation of the basal ganglia and indirect pathway neurons during frontal lobe seizures

Brain ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Brodovskaya ◽  
Shinnosuke Shiono ◽  
Jaideep Kapur
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
D2 Receptor ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Anticonvulsant Effect ◽  
Neuronal Activation ◽  
Indirect Pathway

Abstract There are no detailed descriptions of neuronal circuit active during frontal lobe motor seizures. Using activity reporter mice, local field potential recordings, tissue clearing, viral tracing, and super-resolution microscopy, we found neuronal activation after focal motor to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures in the striatum, globus pallidus externus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars reticulata and neurons of the indirect pathway. Seizures preferentially activated dopamine D2 receptor-expressing neurons over D1 in the striatum, which have different projections. Furthermore, the D2 receptor agonist infused into the striatum exerted an anticonvulsant effect. Seizures activate structures via short and long latency loops, and anatomical connections of the seizure focus determine the seizure circuit. These studies, for the first time, show activation of neurons in the striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra during frontal lobe motor seizures on the cellular level, revealing a complex neuronal activation circuit subject to modulation by the basal ganglia.

scholarly journals Neurotransmitters in the Basal Ganglia

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (S1) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith G. McGeer ◽  
William A. Staines ◽  
Patrick L. McGeer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata ◽  
Caudate Putamen ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACTThe literature is reviewed on the afferents and efferents of the caudate/putamen, globus pallidus and substantia nigra, and on the neurotransmitters occurring in the various tracts. Emphasis is placed upon the diverse roles played by GABA and glutamate as transmitters in motor pathways and upon the probability that the substantia nigra pars reticulata plays a pivotal role in the output of the basal ganglia. Excessive stimulation of the projection from the pedunculopontine tegmental area to the substantia nigra is shown to cause destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the latter nucleus, suggesting another possible mechanism for cell death in Parkinson’s disease.

Encoding of Probabilistic Rewarding and Aversive Events by Pallidal and Nigral Neurons

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 758-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mati Joshua ◽  
Avital Adler ◽  
Boris Rosin ◽  
Eilon Vaadia ◽  
Hagai Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata ◽  
Population Responses ◽  
Aversive Events ◽  
Preferential Activation

Previous studies have rarely tested whether the activity of high-frequency discharge (HFD) neurons of the basal ganglia (BG) is modulated by expectation, delivery, and omission of aversive events. Therefore the full value domain encoded by the BG network is still unknown. We studied the activity of HFD neurons of the globus pallidus external segment (GPe, n = 310), internal segment (GPi, n = 149), and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr, n = 145) in two monkeys during a classical conditioning task with cues predicting the probability of food, neutral, or airpuff outcomes. The responses of BG HFD neurons were long-lasting and diverse with coincident increases and decreases in discharge rate. The population responses to reward-related events were larger than the responses to aversive and neutral-related events. The latter responses were similar, except for the responses to actual airpuff delivery. The fraction of responding cells was larger for reward-related events, with better discrimination between rewarding and aversive trials in the responses with an increase rather than a decrease in discharge rate. GPe and GPi single units were more strongly modulated and better reflected the probability of reward- than aversive-related events. SNr neurons were less biased toward the encoding of the rewarding events, especially during the outcome epoch. Finally, the latency of SNr responses to all predictive cues was shorter than the latency of pallidal responses. These results suggest preferential activation of the BG HFD neurons by rewarding compared with aversive events.

Basal Ganglia

2021 ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
Farwa Ali ◽  
Eduardo E. Benarroch
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Motor Program ◽  
Pedunculopontine Nucleus ◽  
Program Selection

The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei that are involved in motor, cognitive, and behavioral circuits and are especially important in motor program selection and motor learning. The key components of the basal ganglia and their circuitry include the striatum (putamen, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens), globus pallidus (GP), subthalamic nucleus (STN), substantia nigra, pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), and parts of the thalamus and cortex. The basal ganglia have parallel motor, oculomotor, associative, and limbic circuits. This chapter reviews the anatomy and circuitry of the basal ganglia.

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