The ear

2021 ◽  
pp. 497-518
Author(s):  
Daniel R. van Gijn ◽  
Jonathan Dunne
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Lateral Wall ◽  
Oval Window ◽  
External Ear ◽  
Membranous Labyrinth ◽  
Stapes Footplate ◽  
Petrous Temporal Bone

The delicate yet definitive deflections of the pinna (wing/fin) of the external ear contribute to the collection of sound. The external acoustic meatus is responsible for the transmission of sounds to the tympanic membrane, which in turn separates the external ear from the middle ear. The middle ear is an air filled (from the nasopharynx via the eustachian tube), mucous membrane lined space in the petrous temporal bone. It is separated from the inner ear by the medial wall of the tympanic cavity – bridged by the trio of ossicles. The inner ear refers to the bony and membranous labyrinth and their respective contents. The osseus labyrinth lies within the petrous temporal bone. It consists of the cochlea anteriorly, semicircular canals posterosuperiorly and intervening vestibule – the entrance hall to the inner ear whose lateral wall bears the oval window occupied by the stapes footplate.

The effects of fibrin tissue adhesive on the middle ear

1983 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Katzke ◽  
A. Pusalkar ◽  
E. Steinbach
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Fibrin Glue ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Oval Window ◽  
Tissue Adhesive ◽  
Middle Ear Surgery ◽  
Ear Surgery ◽  
Membranous Labyrinth ◽  
Fibrin Tissue Adhesive

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of fibrin glue (‘Tissucol’, Immuno Pty. Ltd.) in the middle and inner ear. Small amounts of the adhesive were used in 36 operations performed on 18 rabbits. The light microscopic examination of these ears four, eight and 12 weeks after surgery showed that the adhesive was well tolerated and that it did not have any toxic effecton on the middle ear or membranous labyrinth. The fibrin tissue adhesive can therefore safely be used to facilitate reconstructive middle-ear surgery and, with the aid of fasic, also for the closure of labyrinthine fistulae; or to achieve a definite seal of the oval window niche after stapes surgery.

Temporal Bone Histopathologic Findings in Oculoauriculovertebral Dysplasia

1986 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Minoru Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
External Auditory Canal ◽  
Oval Window ◽  
The Right ◽  
Histopathologic Findings

The right temporal bone of a 6-month-old patient with oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia (Goldenhar's syndrome) was examined histopathologically. The most striking abnormalities were deformity of the auricle, atresia of the external auditory canal, severe malformation of middle ear structures, and incomplete development of the oval window. No inner ear abnormalities were identified in this case.

Polytomography and Congenital Anomalies of the Ear

1982 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. William Wright ◽  
J. William Wright ◽  
George Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Internal Auditory Canal ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Conventional Radiography ◽  
Jugular Bulb ◽  
External Ear ◽  
Tympanic Cavity ◽  
Axial Tomography ◽  
Computerized Axial Tomography

Conventional radiography and even high resolution computerized axial tomography leave much to be desired in demonstrating the minutiae of the anatomy of the temporal bone. Multidirectional tomography remains the examination of choice radiographically in cases of congenital anomalies of the temporal bone. Details of the inner, middle and even external ear in the presence of atresia are more clearly delineated by this method than any other to date. Such information is of inestimable value to the surgeon in the diagnosis and surgical correction of anomalies of the temporal bone. Important features of the vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, facial nerve, internal auditory canal, temporomandibular joint, pneumatization of the temporal bone, tegmen, tympanic cavity, ossicles, oval and round windows, jugular bulb and carotid artery and the external ear canal are discerned most clearly by multidirectional tomography.

The Semicircular Canals of the Inner Ear and the Pneumatization of the Temporal Bone

1986 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-329
Author(s):  
C. Muren ◽  
H. Wilbrand
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Petrous Bone ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Wide Range

In an investigation of 94 plastic casts of temporal bone specimens a wide range of variations both in the general outline of the pyramid and in the anatomy of its specific structures was found. Attempts were made to estimate the transverse and vertical dimensions of the petrous bone. Both the mastoid and the perilabyrinthine pneumatization correlated to the dimensions of some structures, but not to the size and shape of the semicircular canals. References

Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Inner Ear

1988 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 494-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Jackler ◽  
William P. Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Membranous Labyrinth ◽  
Prosthetic Devices ◽  
Ear Malformations

The majority of temporal bone radiographic studies are obtained either for middle ear and mastoid disease or in the evaluation of retrocochlear pathology. With recent technologic advances, diagnostic imaging of the inner ear has developed an increasing role in the evaluation and management of diseases that affect the cochlea, semicircular canals, and the vestibular and cochlear aqueducts. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) provides excellent detail of the osseous labyrinth, whereas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) generates images derived from the membranous labyrinth and its associated neural elements. Optimal techniques for obtaining high quality CT and MRI images of the normal and diseased inner ear are presented. CT has proved useful in the evaluation of inner ear malformations, cochlear otosclerosis, labyrinthine fistulization from cholesteatoma, translabyrinthine fractures, otic capsule osteodystrophies, in the assessment of cochlear patency before cochlear implantation, and in the localization of prosthetic devices such as stapes wires and cochlear implants. While MRI produces discernible images of the soft tissue and fluid components of the inner ear, it has yet to demonstrate any unique advantages in the evaluation of inner ear disease. However, MRI produces excellent and highly useful images of the audiovestibular and facial nerves, cerebellopontine angle, and brain.

Unusual middle-ear mischief: trans-tympanic trauma from a hair grip resulting in ossicular, facial nerve and oval window disruption

2006 ◽  
Vol 120 (9) ◽  
pp. 793-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Snelling ◽  
A Bennett ◽  
P Wilson ◽  
M Wickstead
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Oval Window ◽  
Delayed Presentation ◽  
Stapes Footplate ◽  
Horizontal Portion

A case of piercing of the tympanic membrane, resulting in unusual consequences, is described. This is the first reported case of the long process of a dislocated incus resulting in trauma to the horizontal portion of a dehiscent facial nerve. Simultaneous depression of the stapes footplate resulted in a perilymph leak, but with delayed presentation.

Evaluation of the Carhart Effect in Congenital Middle Ear Malformation with Both an Intact External Ear Canal and a Mobile Stapes Footplate

ORL ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Sakamoto ◽  
Akinobu Kakigi ◽  
Akinori Kashio ◽  
Kaori Kanaya ◽  
Mitsuya Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
External Ear ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
External Ear Canal ◽  
Stapes Footplate

Effect of Increased Inner Ear Pressure on Middle Ear Mechanics

1998 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 703-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene N. Myers ◽  
Shingo Murakami ◽  
Kiyofumi Gyo ◽  
Richard L. Goode
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Phase Angle ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Annular Ligament ◽  
Middle Ear Mechanics ◽  
Stapes Footplate ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
Inner Ear Pressure

Velocity of malleus, umbo, and stapes footplate in response to stepwise increases up to +400 mm H2O in hydrostatic pressure of the inner ear was investigated in 10 fresh human temporal bones by using a laser Doppler interferometer. The sound-pressure input was 114 dB SPL, and the frequency range was 0.4 to 5.0 kHz. Static displacement of these sites was also measured by a video measuring system. When the inner ear pressure was increased, the malleus and stapes moved outward. Amplitude of umbo velocity decreased below 1.0 kHz with a slight increase around 2.0 kHz, whereas stapes velocity decreased at all frequencies with the major effect below 1.0 kHz. The phase angle of malleus umbo velocity advanced markedly in response to the increased inner ear pressure between 1.0 and 1.4 kHz. Change in the vibration of the umbo was thought to be primarily caused by an increased stiffness of the middle ear conduction system, and that of the stapes was caused by distention of the annular ligament and increased cochlear impedance produced by the increased inner ear pressure. These changes in TM vibration and its phase angle may help detect indirectly an elevation of inner ear pressure. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:703–8.)

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