Gender and International Security

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Security ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
Gender Analysis ◽  
Civilizing Mission ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Security Discourse ◽  
Law Of Armed Conflict ◽  
History Of ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Thinking about security as a feminist international lawyer is necessarily complex and invites multiple layers of inquiry. Gender analysis commences with seeing the gendered consequences of security discourse and practice. That is, understanding women’s different experiences of insecurity in conflict, peace, and post-conflict spaces as well as different women’s experiences of those same spaces. Simultaneously, gender analysis questions the prevalence of military masculinities, the dynamics of hegemonic masculinity in the perpetuation of insecurity, and the continuum of gendered insecurity from the local to the international. Gender is thus an important conceptual and analytical tool for understanding traditional (state-centric) forms of international security, including collective security, the law of armed conflict, and post-conflict structures. However, feminist understandings of international security extend beyond traditional approaches to security, engaging everyday insecurity as a means to understand gendered insecurities from the local to the international, while centering the relationship between law and violence, challenging military masculinities, identifying the perpetuation of power and intersection of gender with race and colonialism, and asserting the value of knowledge production from transnational feminist networks. Contemporary feminist approaches have placed significant emphasis on the hypervisibility of conflict-related sexual violence and women’s access to political participation, however contemporary cutting-edge contributions call for deeper engagement with issues, including the recognition of intersectional, critical race, and transnational feminist interventions, the role of technology in international security, the need for a feminist, queer-antiracist politics within international security discourse, and the gendered and embodied reality of disability as a consequence of security threats. Much of the international legal scholarship, and the wider field of international relations where many of the pivotal texts emerge, centers the women, peace, and security agenda developed by the United Nations Security Council that was drafted after the shift toward human security in the 1990s. Yet this ignores the complex theorizations of gender from non-mainstream feminist contexts and risks the reproduction of modes of agents and victims that are aligned with the history of international law’s civilizing mission. International security, when viewed from a gender lens, thus offers the scholar a series of mechanisms for understanding the deep structures of international law while simultaneously challenging the mainstream production of gender as shorthand for women. The article includes a section on health that reflects the fact that it was prepared during the COVID-19 pandemic and the extended attention to the gendered elements of health insecurity that emerged at this time.

scholarly journals Complexities and Context: Women's Peace-Building in Conflict and Post-Conflict Bougainville

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Dylan Page
Keyword(s):  
Peace Process ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Peace And Conflict Studies ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Context Specific

<p>The potential role of women in conflict and post-conflict environments has been the subject of much debate in the field of peace and conflict studies. In 2000 the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1325, which called for a greater involvement of women and acknowledgement of gender issues in conflict and post-conflict environments, and this has led to further discussion about what this might mean and how it might be implemented. Despite this women are continually under-represented in nearly all peace processes and there is no universally agreed upon way to ensure this situation does not come about. The barriers women face range from cultural to logistical and economic, and surmounting them can be hard to achieve.  One case where women have been involved at all levels in the peace process with substantial success is the Pacific island of Bougainville, where a conflict over mining issues and secession from Papua New Guinea was waged from 1988-1997. Women were active in attempts to bring all parties to negotiations during the conflict and have also been heavily involved in the continuing reconciliation and healing processes. For cultural reasons Bougainvillean women were well placed to perform the role of peace-builders but that is not to say that they did not face challenges and barriers to their involvement. This thesis examines the involvement of women in both the immediate peace negotiations and the longer-term aspects of the peace process in Bougainville in order explain how and why they enjoyed these successes and what lessons can be learnt from this case in regards to the potential roles of women in other post-conflict environments. Four factors will be identified as key to women's involvement in the peace process: the history of Bougainville up to and including the conflict; the grassroots mobilisation and organisation of women; the traditional cultural roles of women in Bougainville; and the identification of women with motherhood and its associated traits.  These factors indicate that the involvement of women in peace processes is highly context-specific and although there are policies which can be pursued to encourage their participation the potential barriers to this are imposing.</p>

Engendering the Post-Liberal Peace in Cyprus: UNSC Resolution 1325 as a Tool

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Demetriou ◽  
Maria Hadjipavlou
Keyword(s):  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
Conflict Processes ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Liberal Peace ◽  
Women And Girls ◽  
Rights Discourse ◽  
New Institutions

This chapter discusses the role of women in forging paths into post-liberal peace formations. The adoption of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 in 2000 could be said to have marked the incorporation of key tenets of gender rights discourse in the global liberal peace agenda. The resolution is based on liberal principles of representation and participation of women in all levels of peacebuilding and on democratisation in setting up new institutions and norms of gender equality in the post-conflict processes; it also recognises the specific protection needs of women and girls in conflict situations as well as the underutilised contribution women make to conflict prevention, peacebuilding, conflict resolution, and peacekeeping. Ultimately, the chapter asks whether gender discourse can uphold the promise of peace formation by holding peacebuilders accountable to just, democratic, and equal societies.

A dynamic perspective on language processing and development

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees de Bot ◽  
HuiPing Chan ◽  
Wander Lowie ◽  
Rika Plat ◽  
Marjolijn Verspoor
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Logistic Model ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Language Analysis ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
History Of ◽  
Traditional Approaches

If language processing and development is viewed as a dynamic process in which all subsystems interact over time, then some basic assumptions behind more traditional approaches to language analysis are problematic: new methods of analysis and modeling are needed to supplement and partly replace existing paradigms. This argument is illustrated with two examples from recent studies. After a brief history of the reasons for a paradigm shift and an explanation of the role of variability in development, the first example study presents a variability-based approach to reaction time measurements in which spectral analyses of variability found during repeated measures of the same experiment may indicate moments of behavioral change. Then the principles of dynamic modeling are explained, illustrated with vocabulary developmental data. The second recent study shows how the vocabulary development of three learners is may be dynamically modeled using a logistic model.

Necessity and Proportionality in International Peace and Security Law

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Military Necessity ◽  
Law Of Armed Conflict ◽  
The Law ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality

Necessity and proportionality hold a place in the international law governing the use of force by states and in the law of armed conflict (LOAC). However, the precise contours of these two requirements are uncertain and controversial. This book explores in 5 parts how necessity and proportionality manifest under the law governing the use of force and the LOAC. First, the book introduces the reader to how necessity and proportionality factor in the debate about the interaction between morality and law in the use of military force. Second, the book addresses the issue of how proportionality in the law governing the use of force relates to proportionality in the LOAC. Third, the book addresses a number of pressing legal issues including: how proportionality and necessity are linked under international law, the controversial “unwilling and unable” test, drones and targeted killing, their application during civil war, and the need for further transparency in states’ justification for the use of force in self-defense. Fourth, the book analyzes the role of military necessity within the LOAC on the battlefield. This includes discussions about the history and nature of the principle of military necessity, the proper application of the principle of proportionality, how commanders should account for mental harm in calculating proportionality, and the role artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons systems may play in a proportionality analysis. Finally, the book concludes with a discussion on the potential role of proportionality in the law governing post-conflict contexts.

scholarly journals Education Between “Peace” and “Justice” in Times of Armed Conflict and Reconciliation – the Colombian Case

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus D. Meier ◽  
Manuel Páez
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Peace And Justice ◽  
History Of ◽  
Educational Requirements ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
Education For Peace

This article deals with the role of education for peace building in the context of the Colombian post-conflict. It locates the former in the context of pragmatist and legalist approaches to post-conflict phases and analyses its “buffer role” between the two. A brief introduction to the history of the Colombian conflict is followed by theoretical considerations about educational aspects of the armed conflict and the educational requirements for successful “phases of transition”. The problem of the fragile balance between “supporting the victim” and “reintegrating the victimizer” is seen as a systemic challenge to the community, but also to society at large. Conclusively, the problem of “pedagogical stagings” is discussed in this context. 

Normative Transformation and the War on Terrorism

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Frankel Pratt
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Security ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
International Relations Theory ◽  
Relational Sociology ◽  
War On Terrorism ◽  
Defence Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Norm Change

Pratt investigates the potential erosion of prohibiting assassination, torture, and mercenarism during the US's War on Terrorism. In examining the emergence and history of the US's targeted killing programme, detention and interrogation programme, and employment of armed contractors in warzones, he proposes that a 'normative transformation' has occurred, which has changed the meaning and content of these prohibitions, even though they still exist. Drawing on pragmatist philosophy, practice theory, and relational sociology, this book develops a new theory of normativity and institutional change, and offers new data about the decisions and activities of security practitioners. It is both a critical and constructive addition to the current literature on norm change, and addresses enduring debates about the role of culture and ethical judgement in the use of force. It will appeal to students and scholars of foreign and defence policy, international relations theory, international security, social theory, and American politics.

scholarly journals Formation of Creative and Professional Dialogue of the Avant-gardists of the World: Interpretational Model by Bengt Jangfeldt

2019 ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Svitlana Kholodynska
Keyword(s):  
Structural Element ◽  
Personal View ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Russian Futurism ◽  
Wide Circle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Traditional Approaches

The article analyses fundamental study Stake is Life by the profound Swedish writer, scholar of Slavistics and translator of Russian poetry of the first half of the 20th century Bengt Jangfeldt in which the main attention focuses on the personality of V. Mayakovsky and his milieu. The article shows how the Swedish scholar proposed personal view of the role and place of futurism within the logics of Russian avant-garde establishment and development. Timeliness of study B. Jangfeldt’s viewpoint is motivated by the fact that the material he used in his work is of relevance to the history of Ukrainian futurism. Methodology of the study is stipulated by the specific character of the article theme and based on historical and chronological methods, as well as on the personalization principle as structural element of biography methodology. The study aims to introduce existing research space to a wide circle of both scholars and readers who are keen on theoretical understanding of avant-garde. The novelty of the study lies in a broad representation of scholars’ interpretational model concerning the place and the role of futurism in the logic within establishing and development of Russian avant-garde compared to out-of-dated and traditional approaches to Russian futurism. Actual importance of the study lies in analyzing creative and professional dialogue formation between European and Russian and Ukrainian avant-garde. Conclusions. It is noted that timing of appealing to B. Jangfeldt’s view is provoked by the fact that the material researched by the author is relevant to Ukrainian futurism history.

scholarly journals From Reactive to Proactive Dreaming: A Cognitive-Narrative Dream Manual

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Óscar F. Gonçalves ◽  
João G. Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Narrative Approach ◽  
Dream Work ◽  
History Of Psychotherapy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Constructivist Approaches

Most traditional approaches to dream work in psychotherapy have conceptualized dreams as reactive narratives of individual’s waking life. The objective of this article is to show how a cognitive narrative approach can contribute to the use of dreams as proactive constructions for waking life. The article begins with a discussion of the role of dream work in the history of psychotherapy as well as its role in the birth and development of cognitive therapy. Constructivist approaches to cognitive therapy, as illustrated by cognitive-narrative psychotherapy, are presented as an alternative way for the use of dream work in psychotherapy. The article concludes with a description of how the cognitive-narrative approach to dream work can be used in psychotherapy.

Part VI Human Rights and General International Law, Ch.34 The Use of International Force to Prevent or Halt Atrocities: From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thakur Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Humanitarian Intervention ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Understanding ◽  
Historical Origins

This article examines the history of the use of international force for preventing atrocities and human rights abuses. It analyses the concept of humanitarian intervention in the context of the historical origins of sovereignty and the reasons behind the shift to the use of the term responsibility to protect (R2P). It evaluates the progress of R2P from its unanimous endorsement in 2005 to its implementation in Libya in 2011. This article also discusses the role of United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in implementing R2P and the General Assembly in refining the concept and building political understanding and support for the norm.

Responsibility to Protect or Prevent? Victims and Perpetrators of Sexual Violence Crimes in Armed Conflicts

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger Skjelsbæk
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
International Security ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Political Concern

The main argument in this article is that the academic as well as policy related focus on sexual violence has brought women’s concerns to the table of international security concerns, namely to the United Nations Security Council through a number of resolutions in recent years. This has been important in order to create better protection measures and bring women’s agency to the forefront of political concern. However, the woman centered focus on protection measures might have overshadowed the role of the perpetrators of sexual violence crimes and the need to focus on prevention measures.

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