Challenges in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations

Given the variety of actions concentrating on peacekeeping with significant successful operations, the United Nations (UN) continues to encounter concerns and challenges that have hampered its peacekeeping operations’ efficiency, effectiveness, and performance. This article aimed to investigate the primary challenges that adversely influence peacekeeping operations and challenge them based on the security theory proposed by Barry Buzan. According to the study’s findings, UN peacekeeping missions have been successful in addressing conflict situations and promoting peace in many regions of the world. Nevertheless, faults and challenges, notably in terms of the operations’ political, economic, and societal factors, have restricted the peacekeeping operations’ ability to achieve their objectives successfully. Therefore, a better policy that includes all involved actors, especially local government and the population, should be established in order to rebuild a conflict-torn country.

Prevention of conflicts in youth environment

The article is devoted to the problem of conflict prevention in the youth environment, which is one of the most relevant in the context of modern socio-cultural conditions. The article reveals the role of the organizer of work with youth in organizing the prevention of various conflicts in the youth environment, discusses some methods, techniques and techniques for preventing conflicts, as well as techniques for getting out of conflict situations. The content of the article is based on a theoretical analysis of domestic and foreign literature on psychology, sociology and pedagogy in the field of conflict prevention and management in the youth environment, the formation of conflictological competence of young people. The proposed materials can be used in the process of teaching students in the direction of training Organization of work with youth, levels of higher education - bachelor's, master's degree in the process of mastering the relevant disciplines, in particular, the discipline "Social problems of youth", "Prevention of conflicts in the youth environment", " Psychological and pedagogical foundations of work with youth ”

Psychological aspects of overcoming conflict situations by police officers in the conditions of mass events

The geopolitical, socio-cultural, economic changes that have burst into society in connection with the pandemic are the impetus for the development of extremist manifestations and the terrorist threat, which determines and emphasizes the relevance and vital need for a deeper study and improvement of psychological support and psychological training of police officers in places of mass activities. The article examines the features of conflict situations that arise among police officers in the activity of protecting public order during mass events. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the experience of the police in Lower Saxony (FRG) and the current police officers in Russia. Thus, a survey of police officers (85 senior officers) enrolled in refresher courses in 2018-2019 revealed the main positive examples of successful actions: work with leaders (instigators of mass riots), including their operational isolation (40% respondents); coordinated work of all forces and means involved in the protection of public order, at the same time, timely and reliable information to the head of the operational headquarters (40% of respondents); tightening the access control and cutting the crowd into sectors (50% of the respondents), etc. In the conclusion, the main tasks are outlined, by which police officers will be able to minimize conflict situations in special conditions.

Improvement of the constitutional mechanism for the protection of constitutionalism in Russia

The subject. The article names the conflict situations that have developed in the Russian Federation that threaten Russian constitutionalism, searches for ways to resolve them, and outlines measures to improve the constitutional and legal protection of the constitutional system and the territorial integrity of our state.The purpose of this article is to identify threats to constitutionalism in the Russian Federation from the point of view of the ethnopolitical and historical development of Russia as well as to identify conflict situations that generate these threats.The methodology. Dialectical method, systematic approach and system analysis, formaldogmatic, logical-legal, comparative-legal, concrete-historical and sociological methods were used.The main results, scope of application. The article indicates the impact on Russia of the negative processes that led to mass riots in foreign countries, and the conflict situations caused by them. When destabilizing public relations in Russia, one of the first places is occupied by inciting hostility on the basis of national relations, first of all, inciting an aggressive minority against a state-forming ethnic group. Grievances and disagreements that took place in the historical past, as well as contradictions of an interfaith and intercultural nature are used as reasons.The article makes proposals for the prevention, suppression and elimination of negative processes and conflict situations aimed at strengthening Russian constitutionalism.They are reduced not only to strict compliance with the existing constitutional and sectoral norms; elimination of contradictions in the Constitution, as well as the specification of constitutional norms by sectoral rules; timeliness, proportionality and inevitability of state coercion measures applied to offenders. Restoration and accelerated development of sectorsof the national economy destroyed during the perestroika; increasing the number of jobs with decent wages; employment of citizens of the Russian Federation first of all; comprehensive expansion of the network of professional training in industrial and technical specialties are among the important measures to protect constitutionalism.

Early Adolescents’ Social Goals in Peer Conflict Situations: A Mixed Methods Study

Identification of goals is a key social-cognitive process that guides whether adolescents engage in aggressive or nonviolent behavior during social conflicts. This study investigated early adolescents’ goals in response to hypothetical social conflict situations involving close friends and peers. Participants ( n = 160; Mage = 12.7, 53% female) were 7th graders from two urban and one rural middle school. On average, participants identified 2.5 goals for each situation. Qualitative analysis using a grounded theory approach identified nine themes representing the goals generated by participants: instrumental-control, relationship maintenance, maintain image and reputation/self-defense, conflict avoidance, seek more information, revenge, tension reduction, moral, and stay out of trouble. Quantitative analysis indicated that female participants identified more goals than male participants, but there were few differences in their types of goals. There were few differences across school sites. The findings highlight the variety of social goals specific to the developmental period of early adolescence.

Artificial Neural Network for Pre-Simulation Training of Air Traffic Controller

In this chapter, the four layers neural network model for evaluating correctness and timeliness of decision making by the specialist of air traffic services during the pre-simulation training has been presented. The first layer (input) includes exercises that cadet/listener performs to solve a potential conflict situation; the second layer (hidden) depends physiological characteristics of cadet/listener; the third layer (hidden) takes into account the complexity of the exercise depending on the number of potential conflict situations; the fourth layer (output) is assessment of cadet/listener during performance of exercise. Neural network model also has additional inputs (bias) that including restrictions on calculating parameters. The program “Fusion” of visualization of the state of execution of an exercise by a cadet/listener has been developed. Three types of simulation training exercises for CTR (control zone), TMA (terminal control area), and CTA (control area) with different complexity have been analyzed.

Investigating the relationship between job satisfaction, communication style, employee behavior in conflict situations

This study was designed to test the relationship between job satisfactions, communication style and conflict behaviour of employees in the public system, respectively in the territorial labour inspectorates. Research responds to practical needs highlighted by organizational psychology to identify the sources and dimensions that prevail and make the individual's perception of the organization lead to increased job satisfaction. However, the paper is not without methodological limits, represented by the use of self-report evaluation questionnaires that could involve poor identification and reporting, by the tendency of the facade that appears when the subject is not honest, offers answers that do not reflect its true feelings, principles and values, tends to avoid the appropriate responses to the state, only to leave a good impression, determine a positive judgment, placement in a situation of appreciation, or out of a desire to help the researcher in confirming the study hypothesis. The paper provides additional information for the scientific community, and can also be a starting point for other research by methodologically improving and bringing to the fore variables that can have a significant contribution to job satisfaction in civil servants, the subject being of maximum interest in the current context when a qualitative increase of services for employees and employers is desired.

Scoping Review on Research at the Boundary Between Learning and Working: A Bibliometric Mapping Analysis of the Last Decade

Context: The research field at the boundary between learning and working is multidimensional, fuzzy, dynamic, and characterized by high growth. A study that comprehensively maps and aggregates this research field is missing. Approach: Using tools of bibliometric analysis (bibliographic coupling, co-citation analysis and co-occurrence analysis), we map the research at the boundary between learning and working in a scoping review study. Our study considers peer-reviewed articles published between 2011 and 2020 and recorded in Scopus. In total, 5,474 articles are included in our analysis. Findings: Focusing on the intellectual structure of the research field, we identified the most publishing and most cited countries, journals, and authors, as well as latent collaborative networks among countries, journals, and authors. Furthermore, we used references and keywords to identify the conceptual structure of the research field and distinguished four types of conceptual clusters: motor clusters, highly developed and isolated clusters, emerging or declining clusters, and basic and transversal clusters.Conclusions: Research at the boundary between learning and working is highly parcelled out internationally. This scientific parcelling represents a disadvantage for exchanging ideas and accumulating knowledge. In addition to forming a parcelled field, a dividing line runs between centre, periphery and excluded countries and scientists. Especially scientists from developing countries and nations, economies in transition and those from post-conflict situations are excluded from the international discourse. This situation is more than just a disadvantage for the exchange of ideas and the accumulation of knowledge. Instead, there is a systematic bias in the research landscape here.

UN preventive diplomacy as a toll for preventive conflict situations

Problem setting. The specifics of the development of countries in the modern world are the strengthening of integration processes, the destruction of interstate and interregional barriers, coordination and joint efforts in solving global problems, creating a system of collective security, which caused significant changes in the concept of international security, interaction between countries, their cooperation. Such transformations have also affected the peacekeeping activities of the United Nations, which require it to step up its initiative, find new mechanisms and forms of conflict prevention that would correspond to current trends in the development of states and the specifics of conflict. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Mechanisms of preventive diplomacy are considered by many scientists, both domestic and foreign. Among domestic scientists, special attention is paid to this problem by I. Blyshchenko, M. Matsyakh, O. Gogosha, V. Makarov, I. Komirenko, D. Gorovtsov, A. Melkin, and S. Melnik. Regarding foreign scientists, we should pay attention to the works of such researchers as: G. Nicholson, M. Jensa, W. Latifi, J. Opio, W. Zartman, F. Mancini, A. Williams. It is worth paying attention to the publications of the UN Secretaries General: K. Annan, B. Boutros-Ghali. They detail the key functions of the United Nations, which is a key player in preventive diplomacy. Target of research. The purpose of the article is to define the concept of preventive diplomacy, the range of its subjects, the role in ensuring international and national security. Much attention is paid to the analysis of the activities of preventive diplomacy, which should actively cooperate with each other to effectively prevent conflicts. The authors try to summarize the experience of preventive diplomacy in the field of international and national security, and the obstacles that arise in the modern world in the implementation of its means. Article’s main body. The phrase “preventive diplomacy” came into use by the United Nations during the Cold War. In the late 1950s, UN Secretary-General Dаg Hammarskjöld used the phrase not as a method of preventing potential conflicts, but as a means of preventing conflicts. Boutros Boutros-Ghali’s 1992 Agenda for Peace states that diplomatic measures are best used to reduce tensions before they escalate into conflict and, if they do erupt, to contain the conflict quickly and resolving the controversies that caused it. Preventive diplomacy refers to actions aimed at preventing disputes between the parties, escalating existing disputes into conflicts and limiting the spread of the latter in the event of their occurrence. This definition provides an understanding of the objectives of preventive diplomacy, which the UN has associated with a range of actions, such as facilitation, mediation, conciliation, litigation and arbitration. The main areas of preventive diplomacy are: confidence-building measures, fact-finding, early warning, preventive deployment, and the creation of demilitarized zones. Subjective diplomacy actors such as the UN, the UN Secretary-General as its direct representative, regional bodies, national initiatives, humanitarian organizations and development agencies are widely considered. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The article summarizes the definition of the main problems of modern preventive diplomacy, which negatively affect the implementation of basic means of conflict prevention, confirms the effectiveness of preventive diplomacy in comparison with other instruments for maintaining peace and security in the world.

CHOICE OF LOCOMOTIVE PARK MAINTENANCE STRATEGY WHEN INTRODUCING THE SERVICE

In operation, sometimes there are situations of uncertainty in assessing the technical condition of locomotive equipment and at the same time choosing the optimal strategy for its maintenance, including the possibility of using the service. Application of the concept of service gives the chance to stimulate work of all divisions of locomotive economy, to save all kinds of resources for operation of locomotives. According to this, the article substantiates the choice of strategy for maintaining the locomotive fleet using the provisions of the theory of statistical solutions. Game theory approaches were used to theoretically substantiate the transition to a service for decision-making in conflict situations and to determine the optimal strategy of behavior of each of the participants in this situation. Approaches to the choice of strategy for the maintenance of the locomotive fleet during the introduction of the service on the basis of the provisions of the theory of strategic games on the criterion of maximum efficiency were considered. It is shown on examples of the decision of some problems of a choice of maintenance strategy of locomotives for various industrial situations. It is concluded that a mixed strategy describes different situations best and allows to made rational decisions. It is also noted that the most effective approach to concretize the algorithm of actions is the complex application of the theory of strategic decisions, the theory of fuzzy sets, the theory of pattern recognition.