Introduction

The Chinese Lady ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190645236.003.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Nancy E. Davis

Keyword(s):

Early History ◽

Chinese Woman ◽

Half Century ◽

China Trade ◽

Global Commerce ◽

History Of ◽

Cultural Bridge

The introduction provides the early history of the American China trade by recounting China trader Captain John O’Donnell’s landing with Chinese seamen in Baltimore in 1785 and a newspaper welcome that asserted: “Commerce binds and unites all Nations of the Globe with a golden chain.” Nearly a half-century later, in 1834, a young Chinese woman, Afong Moy, arrived in America, having been coerced to participate in this golden chain of global commerce. As the first Chinese woman to travel the country, her exotic appearance and bound feet elicited commentary in newspapers, diaries, poems, and letters. Unwittingly, she served as the first cultural bridge in the American public’s perceptions of China through the staged presentation of objects, clothing, and images—and herself.

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The Early History of the Gyroscope and Gyro Compass

The Canadian Surveyor ◽

10.1139/tcs-1970-0010 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 86-89

Author(s):

G. B. Lauf

Keyword(s):

Current Literature ◽

Early History ◽

Historical Account ◽

Half Century ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Gyro Compass

Most of the current literature in the field of gyroscopic theory and in the use of gyroscopic instruments for the determination of azimuth begins the historical account of the subject with the work of Leon Foucault during the period 1850-1852. But little is known of the work in this field by others during the preceding half century. In this paper, the development of the gyroscope and gyro compass is traced back to a date earlier than 1813.

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50 years of the International Association of Bryologists

Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution ◽

10.11646/bde.43.1.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

Author(s):

S. ROBBERT GRADSTEIN

Keyword(s):

International Collaboration ◽

International Association ◽

Early History ◽

Great Satisfaction ◽

Half Century ◽

International Botanical ◽

International Botanical Congress ◽

History Of ◽

Golden Jubilee

The International Association of Bryologists (IAB) has been close to my heart during half of a century. Following the establishment of the IAB at the International Botanical Congress in Seattle in 1969, I served as its first secretary-treasurer for eighteen years and helped setting it up. Now, a half-century later, it is a joy and great satisfaction to see a vigorous and healthy IAB continuing on the path of promoting communication and collaboration among the world’s bryologists. It is a pleasure therefore to write a few lines on the history of the organization for this special Golden Jubilee issue of Bryophyte Diversity and Evolution. In doing so, I lean heavily on my account of the early history of the Association (https://bryology.org/history-of-iab/) and my talk on the history of international collaboration at the IAB congress in Madrid (Gradstein 2000).

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Arc of Empire: The Federal Telegraph Company, the U.S. Navy, and the Beginnings of Silicon Valley

The Business History Review ◽

10.1017/s0007680517000630 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 91 (2) ◽

pp. 329-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Stephen B. Adams

Keyword(s):

Foreign Policy ◽

American Foreign Policy ◽

Silicon Valley ◽

High Technology ◽

Early History ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Half Century ◽

Military Industrial Complex ◽

History Of ◽

The U.S

The early history of Silicon Valley is incomplete unless it is framed within the context of American foreign policy. The Federal Telegraph Company, the region's first major high-technology firm, received its first contract from the U.S. Navy in 1913. Its subsequent success relied not only on navy contracts but also on State Department support and access to Bureau of Standards technology. The company's contributions to America's military-industrial complex began a pattern that would fuel the region's development and growth for more than a half century.

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Some early history of replica techniques for electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100130018 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1076-1077

Author(s):

Robert M. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Thin Film ◽

Electron Microscopy ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Early History ◽

Bulk Materials ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Reflected Light ◽

History Of ◽

Electron Microscopes

By 1940, a half dozen or so commercial or home-built transmission electron microscopes were in use for studies of the ultrastructure of matter. These operated at 30-60 kV and most pioneering microscopists were preoccupied with their search for electron transparent substrates to support dispersions of particulates or bacteria for TEM examination and did not contemplate studies of bulk materials. Metallurgist H. Mahl and other physical scientists, accustomed to examining etched, deformed or machined specimens by reflected light in the optical microscope, were also highly motivated to capitalize on the superior resolution of the electron microscope. Mahl originated several methods of preparing thin oxide or lacquer impressions of surfaces that were transparent in his 50 kV TEM. The utility of replication was recognized immediately and many variations on the theme, including two-step negative-positive replicas, soon appeared. Intense development of replica techniques slowed after 1955 but important advances still occur. The availability of 100 kV instruments, advent of thin film methods for metals and ceramics and microtoming of thin sections for biological specimens largely eliminated any need to resort to replicas.

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