scholarly journals Experiences of Duration and Cognitive Penetrability

2020 ◽  
pp. 188-212
Author(s):  
Carrie Figdor
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Duration ◽  
Cognitive Penetrability ◽  
Neurobiological Research

This chapter considers the cognitive penetrability of our experiences of the durations of everyday events. It defends an account of subjective duration based in contemporary psychological and neurobiological research. It shows its philosophical adequacy by demonstrating its utility in explaining the phenomenology of duration experiences. The chapter then considers whether cognitive penetrability is a problem for these experiences. It argues that, to the contrary, the problem presupposes a relationship between perception and belief that duration perceptions and beliefs do not exhibit. Instead, the assignment of epistemic features to particular processing stages appears to answer to pragmatic needs, not psychological facts.

scholarly journals PC12 and THP-1 Cell Lines as Neuronal and Microglia Model in Neurobiological Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3729
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Balon ◽  
Benita Wiatrak
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Inflammatory Factor ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells ◽  
Primary Cell Lines ◽  
Neurobiological Research ◽  
The Impact

Models based on cell cultures have become a useful tool in modern scientific research. Since primary cell lines are difficult to obtain and handle, neoplasm-derived lines like PC12 and THP-1 offer a cheap and flexible solution for neurobiological studies but require prior differentiation to serve as a neuronal or microglia model. PC12 cells constitute a suitable research model only after differentiation by incubation with nerve growth factor (NGF) and THP-1 cells after administering a differentiation factor such as phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Still, quite often, studies are performed on these cancer cells without differentiation. The study aimed to assess the impact of PC12 or THP-1 cell differentiation on sensitivity to harmful factors such as Aβ25-35 (0.001–5 µM) (considered as one of the major detrimental factors in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease) or lipopolysaccharide (1–100 µM) (LPS; a pro-inflammatory factor of bacterial origin). Results showed that in most of the tests performed, the response of PC12 and THP-1 cells induced to differentiation varied significantly from the effect in undifferentiated cells. In general, differentiated cells showed greater sensitivity to harmful factors in terms of metabolic activity and DNA damage, while in the case of the free radicals, the results were heterogeneous. Obtained data emphasize the importance of proper differentiation of cell lines of neoplastic origin in neurobiological research and standardization of cell culture handling protocols to ensure reliable results.

scholarly journals Age biases the judgment rather than the perception of an ambiguous figure

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambroos Brouwer ◽  
Xuxi Jin ◽  
Aisha Humaira Waldi ◽  
Steven Verheyen
Keyword(s):  
Young Woman ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Ambiguous Figure ◽  
Anchor Effect ◽  
Cognitive Penetrability ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Age Estimates

AbstractOlder participants who are briefly presented with the ‘my wife/mother-in-law’ ambiguous figure estimate its age to be higher than young participants do. This finding is thought to be the result of a subconscious social group bias that influences participants’ perception of the figure. Because people are better able to recognize similarly aged individuals, young participants are expected to perceive the ambiguous figure as a young woman, while older participants are more likely to recognize an older lady. We replicate the difference in age estimates, but find no relationship between participants’ age and their perception of the ambiguous figure. This leads us to conclude that the positive relationship between participants’ age and their age estimates of the ambiguous ‘my wife/mother-in-law’ figure is better explained by the own-age anchor effect, which holds that people use their own age as a yard stick to judge the age of the figure, regardless of whether the young woman or the older lady is perceived. Our results disqualify the original finding as an example of cognitive penetrability: the participants’ age biases their judgment of the ambiguous figure, not its perception.

Cognitive penetrability of syntactic priming in Broca's aphasia.

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry W. Kilborn ◽  
Angela D. Friederici
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Priming ◽  
Broca's Aphasia ◽  
Cognitive Penetrability ◽  
Broca’S Aphasia

scholarly journals Subjective Duration as a Signature of Coding Efficiency: Emerging Links Among Stimulus Repetition, Predictive Coding, and Cortical GABA Levels

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Matthews ◽  
Devin B. Terhune ◽  
Hedderik van Rijn ◽  
David M. Eagleman ◽  
Marc A. Sommer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Stimulus Repetition ◽  
Subjective Duration ◽  
Coding Efficiency

scholarly journals What matters in making demand-based decisions: Time alone or difficulty too?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Janczyk ◽  
Iman Feghhi ◽  
David A. Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Functional Identity ◽  
Subjective Duration ◽  
Common Code ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Fixed Distance ◽  
Physical Task ◽  
Choice Probabilities ◽  
What Matters

AbstractWhich task is easier, doing arithmetic problems of specified form for some specified duration, or carrying a bucket of specified weight over some specified distance? If it is possible to choose between the “more cognitive” task and the “more physical” task, how are the difficulty levels of the tasks compared? We conducted two experiments in which participants chose the easier of two tasks, one that involved solving addition or multiplication problems (Experiment 1) or addition problems with different numbers of addends (Experiment 2) for varying amounts of time (in both experiments), and one that involved carrying a bucket of different weights over a fixed distance (in both experiments). We found that the probability of choosing to do the bucket task was higher when the bucket was empty than when it was weighted, and increased when the cognitive task was harder and its duration grew. We could account for the choice probabilities by mapping the independent variables onto one abstract variable, Φ. The functional identity of Φ remains to be determined. It could be interpreted as an inferred effort variable, subjective duration, or an abstract, amodal common code for difficulty.

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