Get Into the Groove

2019 ◽  
pp. 275-286
Author(s):  
Patrik N. Juslin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Brain Waves ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
Brain Stem Reflexes

This chapter considers a psychological mechanism that can arouse musical emotions called rhythmic entrainment. If brain stem reflexes focus on music as sound and sensation, entrainment focuses on rhythm. This is a primary feature of life. After all, we live in a rhythmic environment (e.g. seasons of the year, periods of daylight and dark), and our bodies are ‘symphonies of rhythm’, as reflected in processes such as heart rate, brain waves, and sleeping patterns. Rhythmic entrainment refers to a process whereby an emotion is evoked by a piece of music because a powerful, external rhythm in the music influences some internal bodily rhythm of the listener (e.g. heart rate), such that the latter rhythm adjusts towards and eventually ‘locks in’ to a common periodicity.

Jumping at Shadows

2019 ◽  
pp. 265-274
Author(s):  
Patrik N. Juslin
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Motor Behaviour ◽  
Acoustic Feature ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Psychological Mechanism ◽  
Brain Stem Reflexes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Stem Reflex

This chapter introduces a psychological mechanism that involves a close link between perception and motor behaviour. It focuses on a mechanism called the brain stem reflex, which refers to a process whereby an emotion is aroused in a listener because an acoustic feature — such as sound intensity or roughness of timbre — exceeds a certain cut-off value for which the auditory system has been designed by natural selection to quickly alert the brain. It is a kind of ‘override’ system, which is activated when an event seems to require first-priority attention. Brain stem reflexes are said to be ‘hard-wired’: they are quick, automatic, and unlearned.

Effect of Baroreceptor Deafferentation on Central Catecholamines in the Rat

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (s5) ◽  
pp. 221s-223s ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Petty ◽  
J. P. Chalmers ◽  
M. Brown ◽  
J. L. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Tyrosine Hydroxylase ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Hydroxylase Activity ◽  
Methyltransferase Activity ◽  
Neurogenic Hypertension ◽  
Noradrenaline Synthesis ◽  
Noradrenaline And Adrenaline ◽  
Sympathetic Efferent Activity

1. Sinoaortic deafferentation in the rat leads to increased blood pressure and heart rate. 2. Early increases in tyrosine hydroxylase activity both in brain stem and hypothalamus suggest that increased noradrenaline synthesis may contribute to the development of neurogenic hypertension. 3. After 4 weeks, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase activity was reduced in the hypothalamus. 4. Noradrenaline- and adrenaline, but not dopamine-containing neurones may participate in regulation of sympathetic efferent activity.

scholarly journals Tyrosine kinase inhibitors modulate the ventilatory response to hypoxia in the conscious rat

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 363-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc A. Czapla ◽  
Narong Simakajornboon ◽  
Gregory A. Holt ◽  
David Gozal
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphorylation ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Conscious Rat ◽  
Adult Rats

Tyrosine kinases (TKs) exert multiple regulatory roles in neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity and could be involved in modulation of cardiovascular and respiratory control mechanisms within the dorsocaudal brain stem. To study this issue, the cardioventilatory responses to 1-μl microinjection within the dorsocaudal brain stem of either vehicle (Veh), the inactive TK inhibitor analog tyrphostin A1 (A1; 1 mM), or the active TK inhibitors genistein (Gen; 10 mM) and tyrphostin A25 (A25; 1 mM) were assessed by whole body plethysmography in unrestrained Sprague-Dawley adult rats. No changes in minute ventilation, heart rate, or mean arterial pressure occurred with Veh, A1, Gen, or A25 during room air breathing ( P not significant). However, Gen and A25 attenuated the peak hypoxic ventilatory responses (HVR) to 10% O2( P < 0.006 vs. Veh), whereas A1 did not modify HVR ( P not significant). HVR reductions by Gen and A25 were primarily due to diminished respiratory frequency enhancements ( P< 0.002). No changes in heart rate or mean arterial pressure responses occurred during hypoxia with TK inhibition. In addition, increases in tyrosine phosphorylation of the NR2A/B subunits, but not of the NR2C subunit, of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor occurred at 5, 30, and 60 min of hypoxia in the dorsocaudal brain stem and returned to baseline values at 120 min. We conclude that hypoxia induces tyrosine phosphorylation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate glutamate receptor, and TK inhibition within the dorsocaudal brain stem attenuates components of HVR in conscious rats.

Evoked potentials and brain stem reflexes

1985 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norfrid Klug ◽  
Georg S. Csécsei
Keyword(s):  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Brain Stem Reflexes

CORRELATION BETWEEN OUTCOME AND TIME COURSE OF BRAIN STEM REFLEXES SUPPRESSION IN SEVERE HEAD INJURIES

1981 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Luigi Boselli ◽  
Harialuisa Bosza-Marrubini ◽  
K. Farina ◽  
Anna Levati ◽  
Claudio Minella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Brain Stem Reflexes

Brain Death: Assessment, Controversy, and Confounding Factors

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 27-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard B. Arbour
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Spinal Reflexes ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Loss Of Consciousness ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Metabolic Suppression ◽  
Brain Stem Reflexes ◽  
The Brain

When brain injury is refractory to aggressive management and is considered nonsurvivable, with loss of consciousness and brain stem reflexes, a brain death protocol may be initiated to determine death according to neurological criteria. Clinical evaluation typically entails 2 consecutive formal neurological examinations to document total loss of consciousness and absence of brain stem reflexes and then apnea testing to evaluate carbon dioxide unresponsiveness within the brain stem. Confounding factors such as use of therapeutic hypothermia, high-dose metabolic suppression, and movements associated with complex spinal reflexes, fasciculations, or cardiogenic ventilator autotriggering may delay initiation or completion of brain death protocols. Neurodiagnostic studies such as 4-vessel cerebral angiography can rapidly document absence of blood flow to the brain and decrease intervals between onset of terminal brain stem herniation and formal declaration of death by neurological criteria. Intracranial pathophysiology leading to brain death must be considered along with clinical assessment, patterns of vital signs, and relevant diagnostic studies.

Determination of Imminent Brain Death Using the Full Outline of Unresponsiveness Score and the Glasgow Coma Scale: A Prospective, Multicenter, Pilot Feasibility Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Zappa ◽  
Nazzareno Fagoni ◽  
Michele Bertoni ◽  
Claudio Selleri ◽  
Monica Aida Venturini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glasgow Coma Scale ◽  
Brain Death ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Deep Coma ◽  
Coma Scale ◽  
Four Score ◽  
Gcs Score ◽  
Brain Stem Reflexes ◽  
Pilot Feasibility Study

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of the imminent brain death (IBD) diagnosis in predicting brain death (BD) by daily assessment of the Full Outline of Unresponsiveness (FOUR) score and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) with the assessment of brain stem reflexes. Materials and Methods: Prospective multicenter pilot study carried out in 5 adult Italian intensive care units (ICUs). Imminent brain death was established when the FOUR score was 0 (IBD-FOUR) or the GCS score was 3 and at least 3 among pupillary light, corneal, pharyngeal, carinal, oculovestibular, and trigeminal reflexes were absent (IBD-GCS). Results: A total of 219 neurologic evaluations were performed in 40 patients with deep coma at ICU admission (median GCS 3). Twenty-six had a diagnosis of IBD-FOUR, 27 of IBD-GCS, 14 were declared BD, and 9 were organ donors. The mean interval between IBD diagnosis and BD was 1.7 days (standard deviation [SD] 2.0 days) using IBD-FOUR and 2.0 days (SD 1.96 days) using IBD-GCS. Both FOUR and GCS had 100% sensitivity and low specificity (FOUR: 53.8%; GCS: 50.0%) in predicting BD. Conclusions: Daily IBD evaluation in the ICU is feasible using FOUR and GCS with the assessment of brain stem reflexes. Both scales had 100% sensitivity in predicting IBD, but FOUR may be preferable since it incorporates the pupillary, corneal, and cough reflexes and spontaneous breathing that are easily assessed in the ICU.

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