Introduction

Speech Timing ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Alice Turk ◽  
Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel
Keyword(s):  
Production Planning ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Phonological Representation ◽  
Component Model ◽  
Motor Timing ◽  
Articulatory Phonology ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Dynamic Framework ◽  
Speech Motor

This chapter summarizes the ideas that led to this book. Articulatory Phonology in the Task Dynamic framework (AP/TD) takes a very different approach from traditional Symbolic Phonology. That is, phonological representations in AP/TD are spatiotemporal, whereas a model developed from generative phonology has symbolic, atemporal phonology. This difference in phonological representation has significant implications for the architecture of the production planning process, which must account for the quantitative details of surface phonetic form. Findings in the literature on general motor timing and particularly on speech motor timing suggest that it is time to re-evaluate these two approaches. These findings motivate the development of a symbol-based, three-component model with separate phonological and phonetic planning components, as well as a motor–sensory implementation component, all guided by general purpose timekeeping mechanisms that are extrinsic to the phonology.

Speech Timing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Turk ◽  
Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Production Planning ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Motor Timing ◽  
Articulatory Phonology ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Speech Timing ◽  
Timing Mechanisms ◽  
Speech Motor

This is a book about the architecture of the speech-production planning process and speech motor control. It is written in reaction to a debate in the literature about the nature of phonological representations, which are proposed to be spatiotemporal by some, and symbolic (atemporal) by others. Making this choice about the nature of phonological representation has several fundamental implications for the architecture of the speech-production planning system, notably with regard to the number of planning components and the type of timing mechanisms. In systems with symbolic phonological representations, a separate phonetic planning component is required for speakers to plan the details of surface timing and spatial characteristics for each context. In contrast, the Articulatory Phonology system, which proposes spatiotemporal phonological representations, has a very different architecture, with fewer components. These contrasting assumptions about the spatiotemporal vs. symbolic nature of phonological representations have important consequences for how these two approaches deal with timing issues. This is because time is intrinsic to phonological representations in Articulatory Phonology, but is not part of symbolic phonology. These two proposals are evaluated in light of existing literature on speech and non-speech timing behavior. Evidence that challenges the Articulatory Phonology model inspired a sketch of a new model of the production process, based on symbolic phonological representations and a separate phonetic planning component to specify surface-timing details. This approach provides an appropriate account of what is known about motor timing in general and speech timing in particular. Keywords

A sketch of a Phonology-Extrinsic-Timing-Based Three-Component model of speech production

Speech Timing ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 264-312
Author(s):  
Alice Turk ◽  
Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Production Planning ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Component Model ◽  
Articulatory Phonology ◽  
Phonetic Variation ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Phonological Planning ◽  
3C Model

This chapter presents the outline of a model of speech-production planning, based on symbolic phonology and the specification of surface-timing patterns using general-purpose timekeeping mechanisms. This phonology-extrinsic-timing-based, three-component (XT/3C) model includes a Phonological Planning Component, to set and prioritize the goals for an utterance; a Phonetic Planning Component, to quantitatively specify the acoustic targets and the movements to achieve them; and a Motor-Sensory Implementation component, to track the planned movements and adjust them to ensure that the targets are reached on time. This approach addresses some of the gaps in earlier speech-production models based on abstract symbolic phonology, by proposing a mechanism for the specification of context-appropriate surface phonetic variation, including timing. In this way it provides an alternative to the Task-Dynamics-based approach embodied in Articulatory Phonology.

Summary and conclusion

Speech Timing ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 313-320
Author(s):  
Alice Turk ◽  
Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Articulatory Phonology ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Phonetic Variation ◽  
Comprehensive Account ◽  
Timing Mechanisms ◽  
Phonological Planning ◽  
Speech Planning

This volume compares two very different approaches to modeling speech planning: Articulatory Phonology, with quantitative phonological representations and a set of phonology-intrinsic timing mechanisms, and XT/3C, an alternative model with non-quantitative symbolic phonological representations and general-purpose phonology-extrinsic timing mechanisms. It argues that the motor-control literature for both speech and non-speech supports the XT/3C approach, which expands on earlier models based on Generative Phonology to include a Phonological Planning Component to set the symbolic goals for an utterance, a separate Phonetic Planning Component to provide the quantitative target specifications for the utterance, and a Motor-Sensory Implementation Component to track and adjust the movements required to reach those targets on time. It preserves the insights of a symbol-based phonology, while also providing a comprehensive account of systematic phonetic variation, including timing.

Towards an articulatory phonology

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 219-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Ohala ◽  
Catherine P. Browman ◽  
Louis M. Goldstein
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Representation ◽  
Articulatory Phonology ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Physical Description ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Definition Of

ABSTRACTWe propose an approach to phonological representation based on describing an utterance as an organised pattern of overlapping articulatory gestures. Because movement is inherent in our definition of gestures, these gestural ‘constellations’ can account for both spatial and temporal properties of speech in a relatively simple way. At the same time, taken as phonological representations, such gestural analyses offer many of the same advantages provided by recent nonlinear phonological theories, and we give examples of how gestural analyses simplify the description of such ‘complex segments’ as /s/–stop clusters and prenasalised stops. Thus, gestural structures can be seen as providing a principled link between phonological and physical description.

Phonology-extrinsic timing: Support for an alternative approach I

Speech Timing ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 64-101
Author(s):  
Alice Turk ◽  
Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel
Keyword(s):  
General Purpose ◽  
Phonological Representation ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Surface Time ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Timing Mechanisms ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Phonological Length ◽  
Phonological System

This chapter presents evidence that challenges models in which phonological representations are temporal in nature, and where timing mechanisms are phonology-specific and intrinsic to the phonology. For example, evidence for separate representations of 1) movement targets vs. other parts of movement, and 2) spatial vs. temporal aspects, is difficult to account for in phonology-intrinsic timing approaches, where all parts of movement are determined by the same, spatiotemporal phonological representation. In the AP/TD phonology-intrinsic-timing approach, surface time is not represented, specified, or tracked, but instead emerges from the phonological system. Evidence that speakers do in fact represent surface time motivates the consideration of a phonology-extrinsic-timing-based approach. This evidence comes from actors’ interactions with perceived events, and also from speech: 1) constraints on the amounts of structure-related lengthening to maintain phonological length contrasts in quantity languages, and 2) different articulatory strategies for producing a given duration pattern. Finally, evidence for general-purpose timekeeping mechanisms in speech and non-speech movements is discussed.

Evidence motivating consideration of an alternative approach

Speech Timing ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 49-63
Author(s):  
Alice Turk ◽  
Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Speech Rate ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Articulatory Phonology ◽  
Fitts Law ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Principled Explanation ◽  
Spatial Interference ◽  
Normal Speech ◽  
Speech Motor

This chapter begins to motivate the development of an alternative approach to speech production by pointing out three potential difficulties with the highly-successful Articulatory Phonology/Task Dynamics approach. First, it discusses the extensive nature of modifications to AP/TD default specifications required to account for the wide variety of surface phonetic forms. The need for a large number of adjustments in AP/TD raises questions about the appropriateness of the AP/TD default-adjustment approach, which would have been more appropriate if the default, non-prominent, phrase-medial, normal-speech-rate specifications could be used most of the time. Second, it discusses the lack of a principled explanation for behaviors described by Fitts’ law. While the theory can accommodate some aspects of Fitts’ law, others are not explained or accommodated. Finally, it suggests that AP/TD’s gestural score architecture raises the risk of spatial interference among overlapping, independent gestures. These three challenges taken together set the stage for the discussion of additional challenges in Chapter 4, which further motivate consideration of phonology-extrinsic-timing-based approaches to speech motor control.

scholarly journals Global Production Planning Process considering the Supply Risk of Overseas Manufacturing Sites

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Hosang Jung ◽  
Seungbae Sim
Keyword(s):  
Production Planning ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Production Plan ◽  
Supply Risk ◽  
Environment Capacity ◽  
Foreign Governments ◽  
Supply Capacity ◽  
Local Plants

Although global manufacturers can produce most of their final products in local plants, they need to source components or parts from desirable overseas manufacturing partners at low cost in order to fulfill customer orders. In this global manufacturing environment, capacity information for planning is usually imprecise owing to the various risks of overseas plants (e.g., foreign governments’ policies and labor stability). It is therefore not easy for decision-makers to generate a global production plan showing the production amounts at local plants and overseas manufacturing facilities operated by manufacturing partners. In this paper, we present a new global production planning process considering the supply risk of overseas manufacturing sites. First, local experts estimate the supply capacity of an overseas plant using their judgment to determine when the risk could occur and how large the risk impact would be. Next, we run a global production planning model with the estimated supply capacities. The proposed process systematically adopts the qualitative judgments of local experts in the global production planning process and thus can provide companies with a realistic global production plan. We demonstrate the applicability of the proposed process with a real world case.

Knowledge-Based Production Planning Within the Reference Planning Process Supporting Manufacturing Change Management

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Gernhardt ◽  
Tobias Vogel ◽  
Mohammad Givehchi ◽  
Lihui Wang ◽  
Matthias Hemmje
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Change Management ◽  
Production Planning ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Collaborative Manufacturing ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Process Oriented ◽  
Machine Readable ◽  
Component Production

The manufacturing of a product takes place in several partial steps and these mostly in different locations to save tax or to use the best providers. Therefore, in the era of Internet of Things (IoT) and modern Intelligent Production Environments (IPE) are going to be inevitably based on a cloud-based repository and distributed architecture to make data and information accessible everywhere as well as development processes and knowledge available for worldwide cooperation. Semantic approaches for knowledge representation and management as well as knowledge sharing, access, and re-use can support Collaborative Adaptive Production Process Planning (CAPP) in a flexible, efficient, and effective way. Thus, semantic representations of such CAPP knowledge integrated into a machine readable process formalization is a key enabling factor for sharing such knowledge in cloud-based knowledge repositories supporting CAPP scenarios as required for e.g., Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). When such contributors work together on a product component production planning, they exchange component production and manufacturing change information between different planning subsystems which require, e.g., a standardized product-feature- and production-machine feature representation. These data exchanges are mostly based on applying the already established Standard for the Exchange of Product model data (STEP) for the computer-interpretable representation and exchange of product manufacturing information. Furthermore, the planning process can be supported by so-called Function Block (FB) based knowledge representation models, serving as a high-level planning-process knowledge-resource template. Web-based and at the same time Cloud-based tool suites, which are based on process-oriented semantic knowledge-representation methodologies, such as Process-oriented Knowledge-based Innovation Management (German: Wissens-basiertes Prozess-orientiertes Innovations Management, WPIM) can satisfy the needs of representing such planning processes and their knowledge resources. In this way, WPIM can be used to support the integration and management of distributed CAPP knowledge, as well as its access and re-use in Manufacturing Change Management (MCM) including Assembly-, Logistics and Layout Planning (ALLP). Therefore, also a collaborative planning and optimization for mass production in a machine readable and integrated representation is possible. On the other hand, that knowledge can be shared within a cloud-based semantic knowledge repository. To integrate all these functionalities, this paper introduces a new method, called Knowledge-based Production Planning (KPP) and outlines the advantages of integrating CAPP with Collaborative Manufacturing Change Management (CMCM). In this way, an enabling basis for achieving ALLP interoperability in Distributed Collaborative Manufacturing and Logistics will be demonstrated.

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