Phonology-extrinsic timing: Support for an alternative approach I

Surface Time ◽

Alternative Approach ◽

Timing Mechanisms ◽

Temporal Aspects ◽

Phonological Length ◽

This chapter presents evidence that challenges models in which phonological representations are temporal in nature, and where timing mechanisms are phonology-specific and intrinsic to the phonology. For example, evidence for separate representations of 1) movement targets vs. other parts of movement, and 2) spatial vs. temporal aspects, is difficult to account for in phonology-intrinsic timing approaches, where all parts of movement are determined by the same, spatiotemporal phonological representation. In the AP/TD phonology-intrinsic-timing approach, surface time is not represented, specified, or tracked, but instead emerges from the phonological system. Evidence that speakers do in fact represent surface time motivates the consideration of a phonology-extrinsic-timing-based approach. This evidence comes from actors’ interactions with perceived events, and also from speech: 1) constraints on the amounts of structure-related lengthening to maintain phonological length contrasts in quantity languages, and 2) different articulatory strategies for producing a given duration pattern. Finally, evidence for general-purpose timekeeping mechanisms in speech and non-speech movements is discussed.

Multiple scansions in loanword phonology: evidence from Cantonese

Phonology ◽

10.1017/s0952675700001627 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 289-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 125

Author(s):

Daniel Silverman

Keyword(s):

Acoustic Signal ◽

Native Speakers ◽

Prosodic Structure ◽

Phonological Structure ◽

Loanword Phonology ◽

In loanword phonology we seek to uncover the processes by which speakers possessing one phonological system perceive, apply native representational constraints on, and ultimately produce forms which have been generated by a different phonological system. We are interested in how speakers instantiate segmental and prosodic structure on an input which may or may not abide by native rules. Crucial to this assumed strategy is the idea that loanwords do not come equipped with their own phonological representation. For any phonetic string, it is only native speakers for whom a fully articulated phonological structure is present; as we will see, the input to loanword phonology is merely a superficial non-linguistic acoustic signal. Thus as host-language speakers perceive foreign forms in accordance with their indigenous phonological system, they instantiate native phonological representations on the acoustic signal, fitting the superficial input into the native phonological system as closely as possible.

Summary and conclusion

Speech Timing ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198795421.003.0011 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 313-320

Author(s):

Alice Turk ◽

Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel

Keyword(s):

Motor Control ◽

Alternative Model ◽

General Purpose ◽

Articulatory Phonology ◽

Phonetic Variation ◽

Comprehensive Account ◽

Timing Mechanisms ◽

Phonological Planning ◽

Speech Planning

This volume compares two very different approaches to modeling speech planning: Articulatory Phonology, with quantitative phonological representations and a set of phonology-intrinsic timing mechanisms, and XT/3C, an alternative model with non-quantitative symbolic phonological representations and general-purpose phonology-extrinsic timing mechanisms. It argues that the motor-control literature for both speech and non-speech supports the XT/3C approach, which expands on earlier models based on Generative Phonology to include a Phonological Planning Component to set the symbolic goals for an utterance, a separate Phonetic Planning Component to provide the quantitative target specifications for the utterance, and a Motor-Sensory Implementation Component to track and adjust the movements required to reach those targets on time. It preserves the insights of a symbol-based phonology, while also providing a comprehensive account of systematic phonetic variation, including timing.

Introduction

Speech Timing ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198795421.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Alice Turk ◽

Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel

Keyword(s):

Production Planning ◽

Planning Process ◽

General Purpose ◽

Component Model ◽

Motor Timing ◽

Articulatory Phonology ◽

Dynamic Framework ◽

Speech Motor

This chapter summarizes the ideas that led to this book. Articulatory Phonology in the Task Dynamic framework (AP/TD) takes a very different approach from traditional Symbolic Phonology. That is, phonological representations in AP/TD are spatiotemporal, whereas a model developed from generative phonology has symbolic, atemporal phonology. This difference in phonological representation has significant implications for the architecture of the production planning process, which must account for the quantitative details of surface phonetic form. Findings in the literature on general motor timing and particularly on speech motor timing suggest that it is time to re-evaluate these two approaches. These findings motivate the development of a symbol-based, three-component model with separate phonological and phonetic planning components, as well as a motor–sensory implementation component, all guided by general purpose timekeeping mechanisms that are extrinsic to the phonology.

Detecting Emotions in English and Arabic Tweets

Information ◽

10.3390/info10030098 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 98 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tariq Ahmad ◽

Allan Ramsay ◽

Hanady Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Machine Learning ◽

Neural Networks ◽

Deep Neural Networks ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Learning Algorithms ◽

General Purpose ◽

Machine Learning Algorithms ◽

Current State ◽

Optimal Thresholds ◽

Alternative Approach

Assigning sentiment labels to documents is, at first sight, a standard multi-label classification task. Many approaches have been used for this task, but the current state-of-the-art solutions use deep neural networks (DNNs). As such, it seems likely that standard machine learning algorithms, such as these, will provide an effective approach. We describe an alternative approach, involving the use of probabilities to construct a weighted lexicon of sentiment terms, then modifying the lexicon and calculating optimal thresholds for each class. We show that this approach outperforms the use of DNNs and other standard algorithms. We believe that DNNs are not a universal panacea and that paying attention to the nature of the data that you are trying to learn from can be more important than trying out ever more powerful general purpose machine learning algorithms.

Distinctions between two phonological output deficits

Applied Psycholinguistics ◽

10.1017/s0142716400006986 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 75-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Susan E. Kohn ◽

Katherine L. Smith

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Pattern ◽

Word Production ◽

Phonological Encoding ◽

Single Word ◽

Behavioral Features ◽

Phonemic Representations ◽

Two Stages ◽

Phonological Activation ◽

ABSTRACTTwo aphasics with a similar level of phonological production difficulty are compared to distinguish the properties of disruption to two stages in the phonological system for producing single words: activation of stored lexical-phonological representations versus construction of phonemic representations. A set of distinguishing behavioral features for breakdown at each stage is generated on the basis of a model of single word production. Important variables for analyzing output include: (a) the unit of phonological encoding (morpheme versus syllable), (b) the phonemic relationship between targets and responses, (c) the effects of target consonant-vowel (CV) structure, and (d) the level of pseudoword production. On a set of production tests, the expected behavioral pattern for impaired lexical-phonological activation was displayed by LW, while the expected behavioral pattern for impaired phonemic planning was displayed by CM.

A multi-tiered approach to Silt'i verb morphology

Studies in African Linguistics ◽

10.32473/sal.v16i2.107503 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 183-222

Author(s):

Ernst-August Gutt

Keyword(s):

Point Of View ◽

General Point ◽

Verb Morphology ◽

Tiered Approach ◽

Autosegmental Phonology ◽

Principled Account ◽

Theoretical Apparatus ◽

Phonological System ◽

The Way

The replacement of the familiar linear phonological representations of the SPE-type by the multi-tiered configurations proposed in autosegmental phonology has enriched the theoretical apparatus available to the linguist and has opened the way for a better understanding of the workings of phonology. One particular strength of this theory is that it predicts the existence of distinct subsystems within a phonological system and offers a principled account of their interactions. Applied to the aspectual inflection of Silt'i verbs, the multi-tiered approach proves its potential by accommodating two distinct subsystems of inflection, viz. CV-pattern inflection and ablaut inflection, in a unified, principled description. From a more , general point of view, this paper sketches one possible way of integrating syllable theory as a distinct subsystem into an autosegmental system of phonology.

Cases on Information Technology Series - Annals of Cases on Information Technology ◽

An Innovative Adaptation of General Purpose Accounting Software for a Municipal Social Services Agency

10.4018/978-1-61520-593-6.ch014 ◽

2000 ◽

pp. 249-262

Author(s):

Andrew Schiff ◽

Tigineh Mersha

Keyword(s):

Social Services ◽

Transaction Processing ◽

General Purpose ◽

Development Costs ◽

Alternative Approach ◽

Wide Range ◽

Long Time ◽

Accounting Software ◽

Processing Errors ◽

General Purpose Software

Organizations with unique characteristics and transaction processing requirements, such as government agencies, often satisfy these requirements by (a) acquiring software from vendors who have developed applications for that particular type of organization, or (b) developing software internally from scratch. When either of these approaches is taken, the development costs are spread over a relatively small number of organizations, and the resulting system can be very expensive. Also, due to the uniqueness of the application and the relatively small number of users, it may take a long time to identify and correct any processing errors. An alternative is to acquire generalpurpose software that has been developed for a wide range of organizations, and to adapt it for the agency in which it will be installed. However, this alternative approach is frequently not undertaken because it is often believed that general-purpose software is unable to provide all of the information required by the organization. When the required information can be provided, though, general-purpose software can be less expensive and less timeconsuming to implement.

The internal structure of phonological elements: a theory of charm and government

Phonology Yearbook ◽

10.1017/s0952675700000476 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 305-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 188

Author(s):

Jonathan Kaye ◽

Jean Lowenstamm ◽

Jean-Roger Vergnaud

Keyword(s):

Research Programme ◽

Phonological Processes ◽

Universal Principles ◽

Specific Parameter ◽

The Moment ◽

Parameter Values ◽

Term Objective ◽

In this article we have two primary objectives: (1) to elaborate in some detail a theory of phonological representations embedded within a parametric framework, and (2) to apply this theory to a particular vowel system which displays some rather interesting properties. This work is a continuation of a collaboration on a programme of research on phonological theory begun in 1982 (cf. Vergnaud 1982; Kaye & Vergnaud 1984; Kaye et al. 1984, 1985, in preparation).This programme incorporates the view that phonology is to be regarded as a system of universal principles defining the class of human phonological systems. These principles underdetermine given phonologies in certain specific areas. A complete phonological system consists, then, of these principles along with sets of parameter values. Taken together, the principles and language-specific parameter settings give a complete characterisation of the phonological system under study. In this model, a phonological system contains no rule component. The observed phonological phenomena result from a combination of the general principles governing phonological representations and structures and the parameter values in operation in the particular language. We view this line of research as a continuation of the development of a theory of markedness (cf. Chomsky & Halle 1968 (SPE); Kean 1975, 1979). At the moment of writing, this view of phonology remains a long-term objective of our research programme. However, an increasing number of phonological processes which were formerly considered to be manifestations of rules are now successfully derivable from the principles of Universal Phonology (UP) (cf. Kaye & Lowenstamm 1984, to appear).

Three Generations of Automatically Designed Robots

Artificial Life ◽

10.1162/106454601753238627 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 215-223 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Jordan B. Pollack ◽

Hod Lipson ◽

Gregory Hornby ◽

Pablo Funes

Keyword(s):

General Purpose ◽

Modular Robots ◽

Automatic Design ◽

Short Term ◽

Electromechanical Systems ◽

Three Generations ◽

Repetitive Tasks ◽

Alternative Approach

The difficulties associated with designing, building, and controlling robots have led their development to a stasis: Applications are limited mostly to repetitive tasks with predefined behavior. Over the last few years we have been trying to address this challenge through an alternative approach: Rather than trying to control an existing machine or create a general-purpose robot, we propose that both the morphology and the controller should evolve at the same time. This process can lead to the automatic design of special-purpose mechanisms and controllers for specific short-term objectives. Here we provide a brief review of three generations of our recent research, which underlies the robots shown on the cover of this issue: Automatically designed static structures, automatically designed and manufactured dynamic electromechanical systems, and modular robots automatically designed through a generative DNA-like encoding.

Towards an articulatory phonology

Phonology Yearbook ◽

10.1017/s0952675700000658 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 219-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 310

Author(s):

John J. Ohala ◽

Catherine P. Browman ◽

Louis M. Goldstein

Keyword(s):

Articulatory Phonology ◽

Physical Description ◽

Temporal Properties ◽

Definition Of

ABSTRACTWe propose an approach to phonological representation based on describing an utterance as an organised pattern of overlapping articulatory gestures. Because movement is inherent in our definition of gestures, these gestural ‘constellations’ can account for both spatial and temporal properties of speech in a relatively simple way. At the same time, taken as phonological representations, such gestural analyses offer many of the same advantages provided by recent nonlinear phonological theories, and we give examples of how gestural analyses simplify the description of such ‘complex segments’ as /s/–stop clusters and prenasalised stops. Thus, gestural structures can be seen as providing a principled link between phonological and physical description.