More on the Fundamental Forces and Their “Carriers”

2018 ◽  
pp. 40-51
Author(s):  
Alvaro De Rújula
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Vector Bosons ◽  
Fundamental Forces ◽  
Intermediate Vector ◽  
The Way

A discussion of the “carriers” of the basic forces of nature and the way they “work.” Electrical charges and their interaction with photons (QED). Gravitons and the identity of inertial and gravitational masses. Intermediate vector bosons and the weak interactions. Gluons and the “chromodynamic” interactions (Quantum Chromodynamics: QCD). Adding electric charges and “colored” chromodynamic charges. Confinement in QCD.

A Gauge Theory for the Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions

2021 ◽  
pp. 388-404
Author(s):  
J. Iliopoulos ◽  
T.N. Tomaras
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Quark Model ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Mass Matrix ◽  
Natural Source ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Electromagnetic Interactions ◽  
Vector Bosons ◽  
Gim Mechanism ◽  
Intermediate Vector

In this chapter we develop the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam theory of electromagnetic and weak interactions based on the gauge group SU(2) × U(1). We show that the apparent difference in strength between the two interactions is due to the Brout–Englert–Higgs phenomenon which results in heavy intermediate vector bosons. The model is presented first for the leptons, and then we argue that the extension to hadrons requires the introduction of a fourth quark. We show that the GIM mechanism guarantees the natural suppression of strangeness changing neutral currents. In the same spirit, the need to introduce a natural source of CP-violation leads to a six quark model with the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa mass matrix.

scholarly journals Astrophysical Consequences of the Existence of Charged Intermediate Vector Bosons

1968 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Vector Boson ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Vector Bosons ◽  
Intermediate Vector ◽  
Photon Annihilation ◽  
Intermediate Vector Boson

Two-photon annihilation into a neutrino-antineutrino pair, which is forbidden to the lowest order in the coupling constant for weak interactions if the conventional form of weak interaction is assumed, is permitted at that order if it is supposed that the reaction is carried by a charged intermediate vector boson (W). The rate of loss of energy in stellar evolution through this process is calculated. Evolutionary time scales derived with and without this rate are compared with results from astronomical observations. Comparisons with present data are inconclusive, but further observations and calculations that may give more accurate information concerning the question of the existence of charged W mesons are suggested.

The Unification of Forces

2018 ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Alvaro De Rújula
Keyword(s):  
Solar Neutrinos ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Grand Unified Theory ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Electromagnetic Interactions ◽  
Weak Neutral Currents ◽  
Vector Bosons ◽  
Heinrich Hertz ◽  
Fundamental Forces ◽  
Intermediate Vector

The quest for a unified theory of all fundamental forces. Faraday’s unification of all “types” of electricity. Maxwell’s unification of electricity, magnetism and light. Heinrich Hertz, and radio waves. The unification of weak and electromagnetic interactions by Glashow, Weinberg, and Salam. “Weak neutral currents.” The discovery of the “Intermediate Vector Bosons.” The quest for a “Grand Unified Theory.” Proton decay. The core of the Sun. Serendipity, solar neutrinos, and the supernova SN1987A. Neutrino oscillations. What a “gauge theory” is.

BETA DECAY OPENS THE WAY TO WEAK INTERACTIONS

1982 ◽  
Vol 43 (C8) ◽  
pp. C8-261-C8-300
Author(s):  
E. Amaldi
Keyword(s):  
Beta Decay ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
The Way

Decays of intermediate vector bosons, radiative corrections and QCD jets

1980 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 460-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Albert ◽  
William J. Marciano ◽  
Daniel Wyler ◽  
Zohreh Parsa
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Corrections ◽  
Vector Bosons ◽  
Intermediate Vector
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