What is the urban environment and what is biology?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip James
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
First Century ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Genes To Ecosystems ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Initial Focus

The two main themes contained within the title The Biology of Urban Environments are explored. The initial focus is on urban environments. A discussion of the origins of cities and the global spread of urbanization leads on to a consideration of urban environments in the twenty-first century. In the second section, the focus switches to biology. The scope of the discipline is set out in terms of both the range of sub-disciplines and of biological scales. It is established from this discussion that in this book the topics considered span from genes to ecosystems and will be illustrated by examples of the biology of micro-organisms, plants, and animals. Importantly humans will be included within this consideration: our biology is affected by urban environments. The final part presents the structure of the book.

The Biology of Urban Environments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip James
Keyword(s):  
Companion Animals ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
First Century ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Faunal Communities ◽  
Water And Soil Pollution ◽  
Micro Organisms

Urban environments are characterized by the density of buildings and elements of a number of infrastructures that support urban residents in their daily life. These built elements and the activities that take place within towns and cities create a distinctive climate and increase air, water, and soil pollution. Within this context the elements of the natural environment that either are residual areas representative of the pre-urbanized area or are created by people contain distinctive floral and faunal communities that do not exist in the wild. The diverse prions, viruses, micro-organisms, plants, and animals that live there for all or part of their life cycle and their relationships with each other and with humans are illustrated with examples of diseases, parasites, and pests. Plants and animals are found inside as well as outside buildings. The roles of plants inside buildings and of domestic and companion animals are evaluated. Temporal and spatial distribution patterns of plants and animals living outside buildings are set out and generalizations are drawn, while exceptions are also discussed. The strategies used and adaptions (genotypic, phenotypic, and behavioural) adopted by plants and animals in face of the challenges presented by urban environments are explained. The final two chapters contain discussions of the impacts of urban environments on human biology and how humans might change these environments in order to address the illnesses that are characteristic of urbanites in the early twenty-first century.

Sustainability in the Twenty-first Century

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Carlo Delgado Ramos ◽  
Mireya Imaz Gispert ◽  
Ana Beristain Aguirre
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Chemical Systems ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Twenty First Century

<p class="p1"><span class="s1">I</span><span class="s2">t is we</span><span class="s3">ll </span><span class="s2">estab</span><span class="s3">l</span><span class="s2">ished </span>that there is a differentiated historic responsibility in the progressive erosion of the bio-geo-chemical systems that support life on the planet due, principally, to the action of human beings<span class="s4">. </span>The damage has reached such a degree and global spread that many are beginning to talk about a new geological era: the Anthropocene (Crutzen 2002).</p>

scholarly journals Museums, innovative pedagogies and the twenty-first century learner: a question of Methodology

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Xanthoudaki
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Technological Evolution ◽  
The Third ◽  
Global Challenges ◽  
New Learning ◽  
Unique Identity ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Specific Contribution

The paper aims to build a ground for thinking about museums’ role in society and the development of the twenty-first century learner.  The first and second parts of the paper focus on the influences technological evolution and current global challenges have brought to our lives, and the consequent requirementsfor ‘new’ learning and skills. The third part examines how different elements of new pedagogies and approaches could reinforce the twenty-first century learner and could, moreover, inspire museums. The final part of the paper focuses on the specific contribution that museums could make by integrating their unique identity and approach with elements from the new pedagogies.

scholarly journals Ethnoreligious Conflict and Populism: Emotive Political Response in the Rohingya Conflict

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 816
Author(s):  
Costas Laoutides
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Ethnic Conflict ◽  
First Century ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Group Solidarity ◽  
Political Response ◽  
Twenty First Century

The rise of populism in the twenty-first century has been marked by the use of religion and national identity as emotive mobilizing forces to increase in-group solidarity and demarcate the notional boundaries of communities. The process often leads to the exclusion of vulnerable ethnoreligious minorities and to increased violence against them. This article analyses the role of fear as a principal emotion in the context of ethnoreligious conflict with reference to the Rohingya conflict in Myanmar. The article is divided in three parts. Part one explores notions of collective fear with reference to religious and ethnic conflict. Part two illustrates how collective existential fear has fuelled populist religious infused responses to the Rohignya conflict leading to the latest mass exodus of 2017. The final part considers whether fear can be an instrument of construction rather than destruction, to help build bridges than destroy, to connect people than isolate them.

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