Systematic Review on Impact of Training Programs on Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

This article examined studies published in the years January 2016 to December 2020 in order to conduct a systematic review of articles related to parent training programs or interventions conducted on parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its effect on improving child outcomes and parent outcomes in day to day life. A total of 14 articles were selected from 589 abstracts which matched the inclusion criteria. The systematic analysis showed that results of these studies were mostly inconclusive as more work needed to be done in the form of using structured parent training programs or interventions. Though the need for parent training programs or interventions have been recognized more research needs to be done in this field. Recommendations from the study are that more importance should be given to improving parental outcomes in order to improve child outcomes and this should be the focus of all pediatric as well as other professionals working with children on the spectrum

Effects of CALM and SPACE Parent Training Programs on Rumination and Anxiety in Mothers With Bully Sons

Background: About one-third of children are involved in bullying in primary school. Parenting style, as family background, plays an essential role in bullying. This study aimed to compare the effects of the parent training programs of Coaching Approach Behavior and Leading by Modeling (CALM) and Supportive Parenting for Anxious Childhood Emotions (SPACE) on rumination and anxiety in mothers with a bully son. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and a control group design. The setting was the primary schools for boys in district 4 of Tehran City, Iran, in 2020. The statistical population of the research included the mothers of bully sons in one of these schools, i.e., selected using a voluntary convenience sampling technique. In total, 60 mothers whose sons scored higher on the Illinois Bullying Scale (IBS; Espelage & Holt, 2001) were selected as the subjects and randomly assigned into 3 groups of 20 individuals (2 intervention groups & 1 control group). The necessary data were collected by the IBS, the Ruminative Response Scale (RRS; Nolen Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991), and the Self-Anxiety Scale. The intervention group subjects attended CALM or SPACE training programs for 13 two-hour weekly sessions. A three-month follow-up was also performed. The collected data were analyzed using repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SPSS v. 22. Results: The present study findings suggested a significant difference between the intervention and control groups in rumination (P=0.0001, F=47.54) and anxiety (P=0.0001, F=86.34) in the post-test phase. However, no significant difference was found between CALM (42.80±2.71) and SPACE (42.16±2.71) programs respecting the effects on rumination (P=0.36). In contrast, SPACE (44±2.71) and CALM (39.46±2.71) programs indicated significant differences concerning their impact on anxiety (P<0.032); the CALM program presented a greater impact on reducing anxiety than SPACE. The follow-up results indicated that the CALM program presented a greater retention effect than SPACE on decreasing anxiety in the studied mothers (42.76±1.02, P=0.0001). Conclusion: The obtained data revealed that the CALM and SPACE programs were effective in reducing maternal rumination and anxiety. However, CALM was more effective than SPACE in reducing maternal anxiety. School counselors, mental health professionals, psychiatric nurses, and school health nurses are suggested to apply the study findings.

Identifying Common Elements of Parent Training Programs for Children with ADHD: An Initial Effort to Develop an Element Approach in Iran

The article's abstract is no available.

Leadership Opportunities for Clinicians Working With Stuttering and Other Fluency Disorders

Purpose The purpose of this article is to inform readers of the importance of leadership and its relationship to the clinical management of stuttering and other fluency disorders. Using the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Leadership Cultivation Model, examples of leadership activities are provided for each level of leadership. Conclusion There are many options for engaging in leadership, especially when developing programs, becoming a specialist, leading parent training programs, conducting presentations and grand rounds, participating in the publications process, leading a continuing education activity, writing public service announcements, and engaging in advocacy.

The Effectiveness of Parent Training Programs for Child Maltreatment and Their Components: A Meta-Analysis

This is the first meta-analytic review investigating what components and techniques of parent training programs for preventing or reducing child maltreatment are associated with program effectiveness. A literature search yielded 51 studies (N = 6670) examining the effectiveness of parent training programs for preventing or reducing child maltreatment. From these studies, 185 effect sizes were extracted and more than 40 program components and techniques were coded. A significant and small overall effect size was found (d = 0.416, 95% CI (0.334, 0.498), p < 0.001). No significant moderating effects were found for contextual factors and structural elements (i.e., program duration, delivery location, and delivery setting). Further, no significant moderating effects were found for most of the coded program components and techniques, indicating that these components are about equally effective. Only a few program components and techniques moderated program effectiveness, however these effects were negative. These results indicated that improving parental personal skills, improving problem solving skills, and stimulating children’s prosocial behavior should not be the main focus of parental training programs for preventing and reducing child maltreatment. This also holds for practicing new skills by rehearsal and giving direct feedback in program sessions. Further clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.