The Neurobiology of Pain

2019 ◽  
pp. 387-414
Author(s):  
Maria Fitzgerald ◽  
Michael W. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Age And Sex

The influence of development and sex on pain perception has long been recognized but only recently has it become clear that this is due to specific differences in underlying pain neurobiology. This chapter summarizes the evidence for mechanistic differences in male and female pain biology and for functional changes in pain pathways through infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. It describes how both developmental age and sex determine peripheral nociception, spinal and brainstem processing, brain networks, and neuroimmune pathways in pain. Finally, the chapter discusses emerging evidence for interactions between sex and development and the importance of sex in the short- and long-term effects of early life pain.

scholarly journals What Do We Know About Short- and Long-Term Effects of Early-Life Exposure to Pollution?

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Currie ◽  
Joshua Graff Zivin ◽  
Jamie Mullins ◽  
Matthew Neidell
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
Short And Long Term

scholarly journals What Do We Know About Short and Long Term Effects of Early Life Exposure to Pollution?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Currie ◽  
Joshua S. Graff Zivin ◽  
Jamie Mullins ◽  
Matthew Neidell
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
Short And Long Term

scholarly journals Current perspectives on the short- and long-term effects of conventional dairy calf raising systems: a comparison with the natural environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 549-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa C Cantor ◽  
Heather W Neave ◽  
Joao H C Costa
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Group Housing ◽  
Dairy Calf ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Novel Environment ◽  
Individual Housing ◽  
Short And Long Term

Abstract Although the neonatal and infancy period is short, it is well documented that the early neonatal environment is critical for appropriate physical, behavioral, and cognitive development that lasts into adulthood. Dairy calves are commonly removed from the dam shortly after birth and raised in individual housing and fed limited milk allowances (4 to 6 L/d) in commercial farms around the world (conventional raising). Individual housing was developed to promote health status and facilitate individual animal monitoring. However, it is associated with high labor demand, and early life social isolation is associated with cognitive and behavioral abnormalities. Recently, group housing and enhanced milk-feeding programs are being increasingly adopted by farms; these practices more closely resemble the social and nutritional environments in natural or seminatural environments when the calf is raised with the dam. Conventional raising may lead to short- and long-term effects when compared to calves raised with the dam or peers. Short-term effects of conventional raising include impaired social skills when introduced to novel peers, reduced consumption of novel feeds, increased activity in a novel environment, and signs of hunger associated with limited milk intake and poor growth during the preweaning period. Evidence also suggests that the long-term effects of conventional artificial raising systems include behavioral differences, such as lower social submissiveness, increased heart rate and cortisol when presented with a novel environment, and production differences such as milk yield and reproductive performance. However, research on the long-term effects of maternal, social, physical, and nutritional restrictions in early life is still limited and should be encouraged. More research is needed to determine the long-term effects of artificial raising systems (individual, group housing, dam-raised) on future behavior, cognition, performance, and health parameters in dairy calves.

Short- and long-term effects of early life exposure to concentrate or hay on feed sorting and rumen fermentation

2021 ◽  
pp. 115010
Author(s):  
Jianxin Xiao ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
Gibson Maswayi Alugongo ◽  
Shuai Liu ◽  
Yulin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
Short And Long Term

Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation Reduced Tire Pressure Initiative

1997 ◽  
Vol 1589 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas L. Davies ◽  
Tami F. Wall ◽  
Allan Carpentier
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Vehicle Stability ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tire Pressure ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Short And Long Term

After examination of the research carried out by other agencies, Saskatchewan Highways and Transportation (SHT) embarked on an initiative to adapt low tire pressure technologies to the province's needs and environment. The focus of the initiative was to explore several technical questions from SHT's perspective: (a) Can low tire pressures be used to increase truck weights from secondary to primary without increasing road maintenance costs on thin membrane surface roads? (b) What are the short- and long-term effects of tire heating under high-speed/high-deflection constant reduced pressure (CRP) operations in a Saskatchewan environment? (c) What effects do lower tire pressures have on vehicle stability at highway speeds? To date, significant opportunities have been noted on local hauls (less than 30 min loaded at highway speeds) for CRP operation and long primary highway hauls that begin or end in relatively short secondary highway sections that limit vehicle weight allowed for the whole trip for central tire inflation technology. The background and environment for the initiative and the investigations and demonstrations envisioned and undertaken are briefly outlined.

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