The fourth scientific discovery paradigm for precision medicine and healthcare: challenges ahead

With the progression of modern information techniques, such as the next generation sequencing (NGS), Internet-of-Things (IoT) based smart sensors and artificial intelligence algorithms, the data-intensive research and application now is emerged as the fourth paradigm for scientific discovery. However, we are still facing many challenges to apply this paradigm practically. In this review, ten challenges about the data-intensive discovery and applications in precision medicine and healthcare are summarized and the future perspectives on the next generation medicine are discussed.