ABSTRACTBackground and PurposeLung oedema in association with suppressed fibrinolysis is a hallmark of lung injury. We aimed to test whether plasmin cleaves epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) to resolve lung oedema fluid.Experimental ApproachesHuman lungs and airway acid-instilled mice were used for analysing fluid resolution. In silico prediction, mutagenesis, Xenopus oocytes, immunoblotting, voltage clamp, mass spectrometry, protein docking, and alveolar fluid clearance were combined for identifying plasmin specific cleavage sites and benefits.Key ResultsPlasmin led to a marked increment in lung fluid resolution in both human lungs ex vivo and injured mice. Plasmin specifically activated αβγENaC channels in oocytes in a time-dependent manner. Deletion of four consensus proteolysis tracts (αΔ432-444, γΔ131-138, γΔ178-193, and γΔ410-422) eliminated plasmin-induced activation significantly. Further, immunoblotting assays identified 7 cleavage sites (K126, R135, K136, R153, K168, R178, K179) for plasmin to trim both furin-cleaved C-terminal fragments and full-length human γENaC proteins. In addition to confirming the 7 cleavage sites, 9 new sites (R122, R137, R138, K150, K170, R172, R180, K181, K189) in synthesized peptides were found to be cleaved by plasmin with mass spectrometry. These cleavage sites were located in the finger and the thumb, particularly the GRIP domain of human ENaC 3D model composed of two proteolytic centres for plasmin. Novel uncleaved sites beyond the GRIP domain in both α and γ subunits were identified to interrupt the plasmin cleavage-induced conformational change in ENaC channel complexes. Additionally, plasmin could regulate ENaC activity via the G protein signal.Conclusion and ImplicationsWe demonstrate that plasmin could cleave ENaC to benefit the blood-gas exchange by resolving oedema fluid as a potent fibrinolytic therapy for oedematous pulmonary diseases.Bullet point summaryWhat is already knowSerine proteases proteolytically cleave epithelial sodium channels, including plasmin and uPA acutely.Activity of epithelial sodium channels is increased post proteolysis.What this study addsPlasmin cleaves up to 16 sites composed of two proteolytic centres in both full-length and furin-cleaved human γ subunit of epithelial sodium channels in hours.Non-proteolytic sites in both α and γ subunits interrupt the plasmin cleavage-induced channel gating.Intratracheally instilled plasmin facilitates alveolar fluid clearance in normal human and injured mouse lungs.Clinical significanceActivation of human lung epithelial sodium channels by plasmin may benefit lung oedema resolution as a novel therapy for ARDS.
1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D Enhances Alveolar Fluid Clearance by Up‐Regulating the Expression of Epithelial Sodium Channels
