Surface Anatomy of the Face in Down's Syndrome: Age-Related Changes of Anthropometric Proportion Indices in the Craniofacial Regions

GalynaViktorovnaKhrushch plastic surgeon, maxillofacial surgeon, international candidat ASPS, Periorbital area is worthily considered as one of the most complicated regions in terms of correction of the age-related changes using injection techniques of medical aesthetics. According to the classification of I.I. Kolgunenko Russian (1974), tired morph type of age-related changes which is the most physiological type of aging, incorporates changes mainly focused in the middle third of the face, including in the periorbital area. These changes include the formation of grooves (tear trough, palpebromalar groove, nasojugal groove) (Figure 1), dark under-eye circles, mimic wrinkles formation, fat compartment displacement, change in mimic muscle tone, stretching of ligamentous structures, overhang of the upper eyelid.

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Brain anatomy and ageing in non-demented adults with Down's syndrome: an in vivo MRI study

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291709990985 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 611-619 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

F. Beacher ◽

E. Daly ◽

A. Simmons ◽

V. Prasher ◽

R. Morris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Down's Syndrome ◽

Down’S Syndrome ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Accelerated Ageing ◽

Brain Anatomy ◽

Parietal Lobes ◽

Age Related ◽

Brain Ageing ◽

Mri Study

BackgroundPeople with Down's syndrome (DS) are at high risk for developing dementia in middle age. The biological basis for this is unknown. It has been proposed that non-demented adults with DS may undergo accelerated brain ageing.MethodWe used volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and manual tracing to compare brain anatomy and ageing in 39 non-demented adults with DS and 42 healthy controls.ResultsIndividuals with DS had significant differences in brain anatomy. Furthermore, individuals with DS had a significantly greater age-related reduction in volume of frontal, temporal and parietal lobes, and a significantly greater age-related increase in volume of peripheral cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).ConclusionsNon-demented adults with DS have differences in brain anatomy and ‘accelerated’ ageing of some brain regions. This may increase their risk for age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

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Screening for Down's Syndrome: The First Two Years Experience in Bristol

Journal of Medical Screening ◽

10.1177/096914139500200407 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 207-210 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

D J Goldie ◽

J P Astley ◽

J M Beaman ◽

D A Bickley ◽

A Gunneberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

False Positive Rate ◽

Down's Syndrome ◽

Down’S Syndrome ◽

District General Hospital ◽

Serum Marker ◽

Serum Markers ◽

Maternal Serum ◽

Age Related ◽

Related Risk ◽

Positive Rate

Objectives – To evaluate the effectiveness of a programme for antenatal screening for Down's syndrome using a fetoprotein and total human chorionic gonadotrophin as maternal serum markers. Setting –A district general hospital providing a screening service to a local purchasing authority and (under contract) to another purchasing authority in the same region. Methods – Patients were counselled and screened between 15 and 20 weeks gestation and Down's risk estimates calculated using the maternal serum marker results as modifiers of the age related risk. Outcome was determined in collaboration with the Regional Cytogenetics Unit. Outcome Measures – Detection rate for Down's syndrome, false positive rate, uptake of screening, and uptake of amniocentesis. Results– In two years 22 816 women were screened (approximately 84% of population); 32 Down's pregnancies were identified, 19 (59.4%) had a reported risk of ≥1:250 and 20 (62.5%) a reported risk of ≥1:300. Of those screened before 17 weeks, 16/20 (80%) had a reported risk of ≥1: 300 compared with 4/12 (33%) of those screened later (P = 0.008); 4.64% of patients screened had reported risks ≥1: 250 and 5.87% reported risks of ≥ 1:300. Amniocentesis uptake was 70% in patients with reported risks of ≥ 1:300. Conclusions –Overall the screening programme was effective but screening before 17 weeks was very much more effective than screening later.

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