Anatomy, Sonographic Features, and Dimensional Variations of Spleen among Individuals with Different Sociodemographic and Anthropometric Measurement

The spleen is a vital lymphoid soft organ located in the left hypochondrium region. It is a multi-dimensional organ that enlarges in all dimensions during some disease conditions. Recently, splenomegaly prevalence has been increasing throughout the world. Due to the lack of attention in clinical practice, splenomegaly has become quite a common problem in all parts of the world. The detection of the spleen by palpation is not approval of enlarged spleen because normal spleen may be palpable. A detailed knowledge of morphometric variations of the spleen is of great value in diagnosing splenomegaly clinically, radiologically, and for surgical procedures. Measurement of spleen size by sonography is important as it gives true result than splenic palpation and for identification of disorders present with enlargement or reduction of the spleen. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the anatomy, sonography, and dimensional variation of spleen among individuals with different sociodemographic and anthropometric measurements. The current study reviews different types of literature conducted on spleen all over the world. The result from overall spleen dimensions review shows measurements vary: spleen length (7–14 cm), spleen width (2–7.5 cm), spleen thickness (2–7 cm), and spleen volume (20–350 cm3). The literature revealed that spleen dimensions are affected by geographical differences, races, nutritional status, physical exercise, and anthropometric measurements. The result from reviews shows that spleen dimensions are larger in males than females. As age increases, spleen dimensions significantly decrease. Spleen dimensions positively correlate with height, weight, body mass index, and body surface of individuals. The spleen dimensions were higher in males than in females and have significant positive correlation with height, weight, body mass index, and body surface area. Clinicians, radiologists, and surgeons should confirm splenomegaly by both palpation and sonography. Spleen dimensions variation due to geographical sex, age, and other anthropometric measurements should be taken into consideration during their clinical investigation. Radiologists should measure all dimensions of spleen rather than the length to rule out splenomegaly correctly.

Is There Any Relationship Between Biochemical Indices and Anthropometric Measurements With Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation Among Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment?

Working memory is developed in one region of the brain called the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The dysfunction of this region leads to synaptic neuroplasticity impairment. It has been reported that several biochemical parameters and anthropometric measurements play a vital role in cognition and brain health. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between cognitive function, serum biochemical profile, and anthropometric measurements using DLPFC activation. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 35 older adults (≥60 years) who experienced mild cognitive impairment (MCI). For this purpose, we distributed a comprehensive interview-based questionnaire for collecting sociodemographic information from the participants and conducting cognitive tests. Anthropometric values were measured, and fasting blood specimens were collected. We investigated their brain activation using the task-based functional MRI (fMRI; N-back), specifically in the DLPFC region. Positive relationships were observed between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (β = 0.494, p < 0.01) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (β = 0.698, p < 0.01); however, negative relationships were observed between serum triglyceride (β = −0.402, p < 0.05) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) (β = −0.326, p < 0.05) with right DLPFC activation (R2 = 0.512) while the participants performed 1-back task after adjustments for age, gender, and years of education. In conclusion, higher serum triglycerides, higher oxidative stress, and lower neurotrophic factor were associated with lower right DLPFC activation among older adults with MCI. A further investigation needs to be carried out to understand the causal-effect mechanisms of the significant parameters and the DLPFC activation so that better intervention strategies can be developed for reducing the risk of irreversible neurodegenerative diseases among older adults with MCI.

Anthropometric Measurements to Predict NICU Admission for Infants of Diabetic Mothers

Aim: Can NICU admission of IDM be predicted by anthropometric measurements like birth weight, lenght, head circumference (HC), mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) or triceps skin fold thickness (TSFT). Method: Eighty-six-term IDMs were analyzed prospectively. MUAC, HC and TSFT were measured within 48 hours of life. Prenatal-natal-postnatal problems; NICU admission; maternal characteristics, HbA1c were recorded. Results: Mean birth weight, gestational age were 3453.3±582.4g and 38.0±0.97weeks. 63.9% of IDMs was admitted to NICU. 56.3% hospitalized due respiratory problems; 32,7 % required endotracheal intubation. Mean MUAC, TSFT, HC and MUAC/HC ratio were 11.2±1.1 cm, 7.1±2.2 mm, 35.0±1.8 cm and 0.32±0.03 cm respectively for all. Although there was no significant relation between NICU admission and MUAC (p=0.071), TSFT and MUAC/HC were significantly higher in babies admitted to NICU (p=0.006 for TSFT, p<0.001 for MUAC/HC). HC was significantly low in babies followed in NICU (P<0.001). With increment of TSFT, MUAC/HC and HbA1c, NICU admission increases positively, but HC affects NICU admission negatively (OR for TSFT:1.6, OR for MUAC/HC: 2.1, OR for HbA1c: OR for HC:0,3). Mechanic ventilation requirement is affected positively by TSFT (p=0.008, OR:1.5) and affected negatively by HC (p=0.004, OR:0.6). Conclusion: This preliminary study showed; TSFT, HC and MUAC/HC ratio are helpful criterias to predict NICU admission risk for IDMs and might be helpful for risk assesment in limited settings. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21(1) 2022 Page : 72-78

Anthropometry and Physical Condition Profile of Bhayangkara FC Professional Football Athletes

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anthropometry and physical condition profile of Bhayangkara FC professional football athletes. The research was conducted by survey. The research sample amounted to 19 athletes. Data were collected through anthropometric measurements including weight, height, and leg length as well as physical condition tests including 30 meter sprint, illinois, sit and reach, vertical jump, Yo Yo Fitness test. The data were analyzed by T-score and then categorized on a scale of very good to very poor. The results showed that the anthropometric profile of Bhayangkara FC professional football athletes were mostly in the moderate category (8 athletes/42.11%), while the others were in the poor category (5 athletes/26.32%), good (3 athletes/15.79%), good once (2 athletes/10.53 %), and less than once (1 athlete 5.26 %). The study also showed that the physical condition profile of Bhayangkara FC professional football athletes were mostly in the moderate category (10 athletes/52.63%), while the others were in the good category (4 athletes/21.05%), less (3 athletes/15.79%), very good (1 athlete/5.26 %), and very poor (1 athlete/5.26 %). In conclusion, the mean anthropometric profile of Bhayangkara FC professional football athletes showed a moderate category and the mean physical condition profile of Bhayangkara FC professional football athletes showed a moderate category.

Anthropometric Measurements, Sociodemographics, and Lifestyle Behaviors among Saudi Adolescents Living in Riyadh Relative to Sex and Activity Energy Expenditure: Findings from the Arab Teens Lifestyle Study 2 (ATLS-2)

The aim of the study was to examine the anthropometric measurements, sociodemographics, and lifestyle behaviors among Saudi adolescents relative to sex and physical activity (PA). A random cross-sectional survey conducted on Saudi adolescents from secondary schools in Riyadh, using a multistage stratified cluster sampling technique. Measurements included demographics, weight, height, waist circumference, PA, sedentary behaviors (SB), sleep duration, and dietary habits using a validated questionnaire. A total of 1262 adolescents (16.4 ± 0.95 years; 52.4% males) were studied. Overweight/obesity was more than 40%. Physical inactivity among adolescents was 53%, which indicates some improvement over the past years, especially among females. More than 80% of adolescents had over three hours/day of screen time, with no significant sex differences. Insufficient sleep was highly prevalent with gender differences. A large proportion of the participants did not consume daily breakfast (65.7%), vegetables (73.2%), fruits (84.2%), or milk/dairy products (62.4%), whereas significant proportions of the adolescents consumed sugar-sweetened drinks, fast food, French fries/potato chips, cake/donuts, and chocolates/candy on at least three days or more per week. It was concluded that non-daily intake of breakfast and vegetables was significantly associated with lower PA. The updated information can aid in effectively planning and implementing promotional programs toward improving the lifestyle behaviors of Saudi adolescent.

Adolescent Self-Efficacy for Diet and Exercise Following a School-Based Multicomponent Lifestyle Intervention

Self-efficacy is perhaps the most important parameter associated with behavioral changes. The main aim of this study was to provide insight into the diet and exercise self-efficacy of Greek adolescents and how they could be modified via a multilevel multicomponent school-based lifestyle intervention. Secondary aims were to study the associations of students’ dietary and exercise self-efficacy indices with their anthropometric and sociodemographic parameters. A representative sample of the adolescent population in Attica, consisting of 1610 adolescents aged 12–17 years, recruited from 23 public high schools in three municipalities of the Attica area in Greece, received a three-component lifestyle educational intervention for health promotion and underwent screening for characteristics of metabolic syndrome with the use of portable telemedicine. All assessments and anthropometric measurements were performed at baseline and after the 6-month intervention. Anthropometric measurements included body mass index, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Assessment tools included the Self-efficacy for Diet and the Self-efficacy for Exercise questionnaires, as well as the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index in Children and Adolescents (KIDMED). Analysis included 1020 adolescent students (421 males and 599 females), who completed the self-efficacy questionnaires pre- and post-intervention. Overall, the dietary (p < 0.001) and exercise (p < 0.001) self-efficacy increased significantly post-intervention. Post-intervention, all adolescents decreased their abdominal obesity indices (WC, WHtR, WHR), and this improvement was even more pronounced and significant (p = 0.019, p = 0.019, p = 0.023 respectively) in the adolescents with overweight/obesity. Post-intervention, the proportion of adolescents with normal weight increased from 73.9% to 78.6%, whereas the proportion of adolescents with overweight and obesity decreased from 20.4% to 15.9% and from 5.7% to 5.5%, respectively. Abdominal obesity also decreased from 10.4% to 9.0%. Female adolescents achieved significantly (p = 0.010) higher changes in diet self-efficacy than males. Other sociodemographic characteristics such as family structure, parental age, parental educational level and family income showed non-significant differences. Adolescents with higher KIDMED scores manifested significantly higher dietary and exercise self-efficacy than those with lower KIDMED scores. Both adolescents with normal weight and overweight/obesity manifested a reciprocal relation between diet and exercise self-efficacy. Multicomponent lifestyle interventions in the school environment may provide a first step in students’ behavior changes and provide grounds for future prevention programs in youth.

Correlations of Anthropometric and Calculation-Modified Anthropometric Measurements with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Korean Adults: A National Survey-Based Study

Background and Aims: There are studies that show NC measurements are associated with central obesity and upper body fat distribution and are strongly associated with metabolic markers. Recently, studies have been conducted regarding neck circumference (NC) as a novel index to screen for obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors. Here, we investigated various anthropometric measurements and their correlations with cardiometabolic risk factors, pulmonary function test (PFT) results and metabolic syndrome among the adult Korean population. Methods: This study was based on data acquired from the 8th edition (2019) of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), consisting of survey data on smoking and alcohol consumption, cardiometabolic risk factors, PFT results, metabolic syndrome profile and baseline characteristics such as age, gender and blood pressure. Continuous variables were analyzed by independent t-test, while categorical variables were analyzed using the Rao-Scott chi-square test Precision-recall (PR) plots were used to assess the diagnostic value of anthropometric measurements for cardiometabolic risk profiles such as insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, central obesity and PFT results. Area under the curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the predictive ability of the anthropometric measurements and calculation-modified anthropometric measurements (CMAMs) such as NC(neck circumference) devided by BMI(body mass index) and WC(waist circumference) and BMI devided by WC at different preset thresholds. Calculation was used to distinguish each anthropometric measurements aside from common features they may share. Results: A total of 3525study subjects aged over 40 years were included in the study the mean age for male and female were 56.8 and 58.5 respectively, percentage of male and female was 42% and 58% respectively. PR plots of anthropometric measurements and the metabolic syndrome profile indicated that in the presence of 3 metabolic syndrome criteria, waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) had the highest AUCs 0.62 and 0.587 respectively, in the presence of 4 metabolic syndrome criteria, waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) had the highest AUCs 0.342 and 0.317 respectively whereas in the presence of more than 5 metabolic syndrome criteria, NC and WC had the highest AUCs 0.09 and 0.083 respectively.Conclusion: This study showed that NC is correlated with metabolic syndrome. Additionally, each anthropometric measurement was uniquely correlated with specific cardiometabolic risk factor and differed according to sex. In such cases, applications in smartphones could be used to calculate for cardiometabolic risk assessments. Also it may be necessary to screen for metabolic syndrome in people whose NC is over 39.9cm for males and 34.5cm for females.