The relationship between pulmonary artery acceleration time and mean pulmonary artery pressure in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

ABSTRACT Background Pulmonary acceleration time (PAT) forms a valuable echocardiographic parameter in deriving the mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP). The present study aims to derive and validate a formula relating MPAP and PAT in an Indian population. Materials and methods Preoperative echocardiography was performed in 22 adult cardiac surgery patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and/or mitral valve replacement. The PAT, PAT/right ventricular ejection time (RVET), PAT corrected for heart rate [(HR) HRcPAT], and tricuspid regurgitation (TR) peak velocity were correlated with MPAP measured from pulmonary artery (PA) catheter, and a new formula relating MPAP and PAT was derived and subsequently validated in another cohort of 21 patients. Results The PAT, HRcPAT, and PAT/RVET correlated well (r2 = 0.69, 0.68 and 0.47 respectively, p < 0.0001), while TR velocity correlated poorly with MPAP (r2 = 0.20, p = 0.046). The cutoff values of PAT and HRcPAT for diagnosing pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) (MPAP = 25 mm Hg) were 74 and 99 respectively, with 92% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The derived formula (MPAP = 62.4 - 0.3 PAT) correlated well with the standard formula (79-0.45 PAT) on applying in the validation cohort (Bland—Altman plot, bias <10%). In subgroup analysis, patients with severe PAH (MPAP = 50 mm Hg) showed better correlation than patients with less than severe PAH (r2 = 0.633, p =0.038 a nd r2 = 0.46, p = 0.108 respectively). Similarly, the formula for deriving pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) from PAT [(PVRI = 14.9-0.09 pulmonary artery acceleration time (PAAT)] correlated well with the existing formula (PVRI = 9 - 0.07 PAAT). The inter- and intraobserver variabilities were not significant. Conclusion The indexed formula is better in predicting MPAP from PAT in Indian population, particularly in patients with severe PAH (MPAP = 50 mm Hg) and the cutoffs of PAT and HRcPAT in predicting PAH (MPAP = 25 mm Hg) in an Indian population are 74 and 99 msec respectively. How to cite this article Munirathinam GK, Kumar A, Ganesan R, Puri GD. Derivation and Validation of Formula relating Pulmonary Acceleration Time and Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure in Indian Population. J Perioper Echocardiogr 2017;5(1):3-11.

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Inflammation and Congenital Heart Disease Associated Pulmonary Hypertension

The Heart Surgery Forum ◽

10.1532/hsf.1228 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 038 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mete Gursoy ◽

Ece Salihoglu ◽

Ali Can Hatemi ◽

A. Faruk Hokenek ◽

Suleyman Ozkan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Artery ◽

Pulmonary Artery Pressure ◽

Neutrophil To Lymphocyte Ratio ◽

Cell Distribution ◽

Inflammation Markers ◽

Distribution Width ◽

Artery Pressure ◽

Lymphocyte Ratio ◽

Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure ◽

Pulmonary Arterial

Background: Increased blood flow may trigger pulmonary arterial wall inflammation, which may influence progression of pulmonary artery hypertension in patients with congenital heart disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate the correlation between preoperative inflammation markers and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Methods: A total of 201 patients with pulmonary hypertension were enrolled in this study retrospectively; they had undergone open heart surgery between January 2012 and December 2013. Patients’ preoperative C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, red blood cell distribution width, pulmonary pressures, and postoperative outcomes were evaluated. Results: Patient age, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, red blood cell distribution width, and CRP were found to be significantly correlated with both preoperative peak and mean pulmonary artery pressures. These data were entered into a linear logistic regression analysis. Patient age, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, and CRP were found to be independently correlated with peak pulmonary pressure (P < .001, P < .001, and P = .004) and mean pulmonary artery pressure (P < .001, P < .001, and P = .001), whereas preoperative mean pulmonary artery pressure was found to be independently correlated with intensive care unit stay (P < .001). No parameter was found to be significantly correlated with extubation time and mortality. Eighteen patients had experienced pulmonary hypertensive crisis; in this subgroup, patients’ mean pulmonary artery pressure and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were found to be significant (P = .047, P = .003). Conclusion: Preoperative inflammation markers may be correlated with the progression of pulmonary hypertensive disease, but further studies with larger sample size are needed to determine the predictive role of these markers for postoperative outcomes.

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Measures of Right Ventricular Afterload Predict Exercise Pulmonary Hypertension beyond Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure

The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation ◽

10.1016/j.healun.2021.01.550 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. S189

Author(s):

S. Osman ◽

R.F. Bentley ◽

S. Mak

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Hypertension ◽

Pulmonary Artery ◽

Right Ventricular ◽

Pulmonary Artery Pressure ◽

Artery Pressure ◽

Right Ventricular Afterload ◽

Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure ◽

Ventricular Afterload

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Prognostic importance of mitral e′ velocity in constrictive pericarditis

European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging ◽

10.1093/ehjci/jeaa133 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jeong Hoon Yang ◽

William R Miranda ◽

Rick A Nishimura ◽

Kevin L Greason ◽

Hartzell V Schaff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Artery ◽

Pulmonary Artery Pressure ◽

Constrictive Pericarditis ◽

Multivariable Analysis ◽

Artery Pressure ◽

Myocardial Disease ◽

Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure ◽

Diastolic Velocity ◽

Long Term Mortality

Abstract Aims Increased medial mitral annulus early diastolic velocity (e′) plays an important role in the echocardiographic diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis (CP) and mitral e′ velocity is also a marker of underlying myocardial disease. We assessed the prognostic implication of mitral e′ for long-term mortality after pericardiectomy in patients with CP. Methods and results We studied 104 surgically confirmed CP patients who underwent echocardiography and cardiac catheterization within 7 days between 2005 and 2013. Patients were classified as primary CP (n = 45) or mixed CP (n = 59) based on the clinical history of concomitant myocardial disease. On multivariable analysis, medial e′ velocity and mean pulmonary artery pressure were independently associated with long-term mortality post-pericardiectomy. There were significant differences in survival rates among the groups divided by cut-off values of 9.0 cm/s and 29 mmHg for medial e′ and mean pulmonary artery pressure, respectively (both P < 0.001). Ninety-two patients (88.5%) had elevated pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) (≥15 mmHg); there was no significant correlation between medial E/e′ and PAWP (r = 0.002, P = 0.998). However, despite the similar PAWP between primary CP and mixed CP groups (21.6 ± 5.4 vs. 21.2 ± 5.8, P = 0.774), all primary CP individuals with elevated PAWP had medial E/e′ <15 as opposed to 34 patients (57.6%) in the mixed CP group (P < 0.001). Conclusion Increased mitral e′ velocity is associated with better outcomes in patients with CP. A paradoxical distribution of the relationship between E/e′ and PAWP is present in these patients but there is no direct inverse correlation between them.

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Importance of Relative Pulmonary Hypertension in Cardiac Surgery: The Mean Systemic-to-Pulmonary Artery Pressure Ratio

Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia ◽

10.1053/j.jvca.2005.11.018 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 331-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Arnaud Robitaille ◽

André Y. Denault ◽

Pierre Couture ◽

Sylvain Bélisle ◽

Annik Fortier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Hypertension ◽

Cardiac Surgery ◽

Pulmonary Artery ◽

Pulmonary Artery Pressure ◽

Pressure Ratio ◽

Artery Pressure ◽

The Mean

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Comparison of methods of measuring pulmonary artery pressure

American Journal of Critical Care ◽

10.4037/ajcc1997.6.4.324 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 324-332 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

JL Lundstedt

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Ventilation ◽

Cardiac Surgery ◽

Pulmonary Artery ◽

Pulmonary Artery Pressure ◽

Spontaneous Breathing ◽

Systolic Pressure ◽

Graphic Method ◽

Difference Scores ◽

Artery Pressure ◽

The Difference

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary artery waveforms fluctuate because of changes in intrathoracic pressure caused by respirations. Monitoring system algorithms determine digital displays of pressure measurements on the basis of recognition, analysis, and comparison of consecutive waveforms. OBJECTIVE: To compare three methods of measuring pulmonary artery pressure during mechanical ventilation and spontaneous breathing in cardiac surgery patients with stable hemodynamics. METHODS: Pulmonary artery pressure was measured during mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery in 53 patients; 37 of the patients were studied again after extubation. Three monitoring methods were compared: graphic strip recording, the "stop cursor" (monitor screen freezing) method, and digital-display recording. Difference scores were calculated between the methods and analyzed for frequency and direction. RESULTS: All comparisons showed differences of at least +/-3 mm Hg in measurements obtained with the three methods. During mechanical ventilation, the digital and graphic measurements of systolic pressure varied most often; 57% (30/53) of the comparisons had difference scores of at least +/-3 mm Hg. The cursor and graphic measurements of diastolic pressures varied least often; 6% (3/53) of the comparisons had difference scores of at least +/-3 mm Hg. As expected, the digital method most often gave higher results than the graphic method. During spontaneous breathing, measurements of systolic pressure varied more often (38% to 53%) than did measurements of diastolic pressure (12% to 37%). Unexpectedly, for systolic pressures, the difference between digital and graphic measurements was 3 mm Hg or more 30% (11/37) of the time, and the difference between cursor and graphic measurements was 3 mm Hg or more 53% (17/32) of the time. CONCLUSIONS: Because of physiological and technical influences, measurements of systolic and diastolic pressures in the pulmonary artery made with the digital and cursor methods were not as reliable as measurements made with the graphic method. The findings support continued use of the graphic method for accurate measurements of pulmonary artery pressure.

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Survival and predictors of mortality in patients after the Fontan operation

Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals ◽

10.1177/0218492320949655 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 28 (9) ◽

pp. 572-576

Author(s):

Saviga Sethasathien ◽

Suchaya Silvilairat ◽

Hathaiporn Kraikruan ◽

Rekwan Sittiwangkul ◽

Krit Makonkawkeyoon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Artery ◽

Pulmonary Artery Pressure ◽

Fontan Operation ◽

Hazard Ratio ◽

Early Mortality ◽

Atrioventricular Valve ◽

Valve Regurgitation ◽

Artery Pressure ◽

Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure ◽

Atrioventricular Valve Regurgitation

Background As a result of the surgical techniques now being employed, the survival rate in patients after undergoing the Fontan operation has improved. The aims of this study were focused on determining the survival rate and predictors of early mortality. Methods In a retrospective cohort study, 117 consecutive patients who underwent the Fontan operation were recruited. Multivariate Cox proportional regression analysis was used to assess the predictors of early mortality, defined as death within 30 days after the Fontan operation. Results The median follow-up time was 6.1 years. The median age at the time of the Fontan operation was 5.7 years. Survival rates in the patients at 5, 10, and 15 years postoperatively were 92%, 87% and 84%, respectively. Using univariate Cox regression analysis, the predictors of early mortality were found to be postoperative mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥23 mm Hg (hazard ratio 26.0), renal failure (hazard ratio 9.5), heterotaxy syndrome (hazard ratio 5.3), and uncorrected moderate or severe atrioventricular valve regurgitation (hazard ratio 9.4). After adjusting for confounding factors using multivariate Cox regression analysis, the predictors of early mortality were found to be postoperative mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥23 mm Hg (hazard ratio 23.2) and uncorrected moderate or severe atrioventricular valve regurgitation (hazard ratio 8.2). Conclusions Uncorrected moderate or severe atrioventricular valve regurgitation and postoperative mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥23 mm Hg are independent predictors of early mortality after the Fontan operation. Patients with these factors should undergo aggressive management to minimize morbidity and mortality.

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P1529 Impact of the new PH guidelines on echocardiographic definition leading to double demand of right heart catheterization

European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging ◽

10.1093/ehjci/jez319.951 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

C Fauvel ◽

O Raitiere ◽

J Burdeau ◽

N Si Belkacem ◽

F Bauer

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Artery ◽

Pulmonary Artery Pressure ◽

Tricuspid Regurgitation ◽

Peak Velocity ◽

Right Heart Catheterization ◽

Heart Catheterization ◽

Right Heart ◽

Artery Pressure ◽

Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure ◽

Definition Of

Abstract Background Doppler echocardiography is the most widespread and well-recognized technique for the screening of patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). When tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity (TRPV) ≥3.4 m/s, right heart catheterization is requested to confirm mean pulmonary artery pressure >25 mm Hg. In the proceedings from the 6th world symposium on pulmonary arterial hypertension recently released, the new definition of PH has been lowered to mean pulmonary artery pressure > 20 mm Hg. Purpose The purpose of our work was twofold : i) to determine a new cut-off value for TRPV to accommodate the new hemodynamic definition of PH, ii) to investigate the impact on the demand of right heart catheterization (RHC) from our echo CORE lab. Methods We extracted and analyzed both the haemodynamic and echocardiographic records of 130 patients who underwent investigations the same day. Tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity was measured in apical-4 chamber view using continuous-wave doppler modality and compared to mean pulmonary artery pressure recorded from fluid-filled catheter. Results Tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity has a weak correlation with mean pulmonary pressure (y = 9.2x-2.2, r² = 0.22, p < 0.01). Targeting a mean pulmonary pressure on right heart catheterization of 20 mm Hg for the definition of PH, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated a good association between TRPV and PH diagnosis (area under the curve, 0.78 ; p < 0.001). The cut-off value obtained for TRPV was 3.0 m/s (Se = 0.78, Sp = 0.37). From 01/01/18 to 31/12/18, 2539 out of 6215 had TRPV recorded from which 283 had TRPV ≥ 3.0 m/s (24,1%) and 615 had TRPV ≥ 3.4 m/s (11,1%). When applied to a community population the new TRPV cutoff > 3m/s used as surrogate for mean pulmonary artery pressure > 20 mm Hg may produce a 111% increase of right heart catheterization demand. Conclusions The new definition of pulmonary hypertension (invasive mean pulmonary artery pressure > 20mm Hg) necessitates revisiting tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity > 3 m/s as a screening test leading to more than twice RHC demand.

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