scholarly journals Maternal condition and previous reproduction interact to affect offspring sex in a wild mammal

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 20160510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Douhard ◽  
Marco Festa-Bianchet ◽  
Fanie Pelletier

Trivers and Willard proposed that offspring sex ratio should vary with maternal condition when condition, meant as maternal capacity to care, has different fitness consequences for sons and daughters. In polygynous and dimorphic species, mothers in good condition should preferentially produce sons, whereas mothers in poor condition should produce more daughters. Despite its logical appeal, support for this hypothesis has been inconsistent. Sex-ratio variation may be influenced by additional factors, such as environmental conditions and previous reproduction, which are often ignored in empirical studies. We analysed 39 years of data on bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis ) that fit all the assumptions of the Trivers–Willard hypothesis. Production of sons increased with maternal condition only for mothers that weaned a son the previous year. This relationship likely reflects a mother's ability to bear the higher reproductive costs of sons. The interaction between maternal condition and previous weaning success on the probability of producing a son was independent of the positive effect of paternal reproductive success. Maternal and paternal effects accounted for similar proportions of the variance in offspring sex. Maternal reproductive history should be considered in addition to current condition in studies of sex allocation.

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1902) ◽  
pp. 20190345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurelio F. Malo ◽  
Tania C. Gilbert ◽  
Philip Riordan

Parent sex ratio allocation has consequences for individual fitness, population dynamics, and conservation. Theory predicts that parents should adjust offspring sex ratio when the fitness returns of producing male or female offspring varies. Previous studies have assumed that only mothers are capable of biasing offspring sex ratios, but have neglected fathers, given the expectation of an equal proportion of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing (CBS) sperm in ejaculates due to sex chromosome segregation at meiosis. This assumption has been recently refuted and both paternal fertility and paternal genetic quality have been shown to bias sex ratios. Here, we simultaneously test the relative contribution of paternal, maternal, and individual genetic quality, as measured by inbreeding, on the probability of being born a son or a daughter, using pedigree and lifelong offspring sex ratio data for the eastern bongo ( Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci ). Our models showed first, that surprisingly, as individual inbreeding decreases the probability of being born male increases, second, that paternal genetic effects on sex ratio were stronger than maternal genetic effects (which were absent). Furthermore, paternal effects were opposite in sign to those predicted; father inbreeding increases the probability of having sons. Previous paternal effects have been interpreted as adaptive due to sex-specific inbreeding depression for reproductive traits. We argue that in the eastern bongo, the opposite sign of the paternal effect on sex ratios results from a reversed sex-specific inbreeding depression pattern (present for female but not male reproductive traits). We anticipate that this research will help stimulate research on evolutionary constraints to sex ratios. Finally, the results open a new avenue of research to predict sex ratio allocation in an applied conservation context. Future models of sex ratio allocation should also include the predicted inbreeding level of the offspring and paternal inbreeding levels.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e110858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay J. Henderson ◽  
Neil P. Evans ◽  
Britt J. Heidinger ◽  
Aileen Adams ◽  
Kathryn E. Arnold

The Condor ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 881-885
Author(s):  
Shannon M. Janota ◽  
Sheryl Swartz Soukup ◽  
Charles F. Thompson

AbstractThe sex-ratio adjustment hypothesis predicts that females should modify offspring sex ratios according to the potential reproductive success of their offspring under existing ecological conditions. We tested this hypothesis in the polygynous, sexually size-monomorphic House Wren (Troglodytes aedon). Typically, nestling House Wrens that hatch in the first half of the three-month breeding season are heavier and have higher rates of survival and recruitment than those that hatch in the second half of the season. Therefore, the sex-ratio adjustment hypothesis predicts that early broods should be more male biased than later broods, because males in good condition have higher reproductive value than females. As conditions deteriorate, broods should become less male biased because female offspring have higher reproductive value than males in poor condition. Contrary to expectation, there was no seasonal decrease in offspring condition, and the sex ratio of broods was consistently male biased throughout the breeding season. We conclude that the results are consistent with the sex-ratio adjustment hypothesis, because in the year of this study female House Wrens were able to produce offspring in similar (and presumably good) condition throughout the breeding season; therefore, they continued to produce broods that were significantly male biased.Sesgo hacia Machos en el Cociente de Sexos de la Prole en Troglodytes aedonResumen. La hipótesis sobre el ajuste del cociente de sexos predice que las hembras deberían modificar el cociente de sexos de la prole en relación al éxito potencial reproductivo de la prole bajo las condiciones ecológicas existentes. Evaluamos esta hipótesis en Troglodytes aedon, especie polígina y sin diferencias sexuales de tamaño. Típicamente, los pichones de T. aedon que eclosionan en la primera mitad de la estación reproductiva (que dura tres meses) son más pesados y presentan tasas de supervivencia y reclutamiento más altas que aquellos que eclosionan en la segunda mitad de la estación. De este modo, la hipótesis sobre el ajuste del cociente de sexos predice que las camadas tempranas deberían estar más sesgadas hacia los machos que las camadas más tardías, ya que los machos en buena condición tienen un valor reproductivo más alto que las hembras. A medida que la condición se deteriora, las camadas deberían estar menos sesgadas hacia los machos debido a que los vástagos de sexo femenino tienen un valor reproductivo más alto que los machos en mala condición. Contrariamente a lo esperado, no hubo una disminución estacional en la condición de la prole, y el cociente de sexos de las camadas estuvo consistentemente sesgado hacia los machos a lo largo de la estación de cría. Concluimos que los resultados son consistentes con la hipótesis sobre el ajuste del cociente de sexos, ya que durante el año de este estudio las hembras de T. aedon fueron capaces de producir proles en condiciones similares (y presumiblemente buenas) a lo largo de la estación de cría. De este modo, las hembras continuaron produciendo camadas que estuvieron significativamente sesgadas hacia los machos.


1999 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 570-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Nager ◽  
P. Monaghan ◽  
R. Griffiths ◽  
D. C. Houston ◽  
R. Dawson

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