III. On the stereomonoscope, a new instrument by which an apparently single picture produces the stereoscopic illusion

1859 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 194-196
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Ground Glass ◽  
Camera Obscura ◽  
Oblique Direction ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
The Common

In a former paper “ On the Phenomenon of Relief of the Image formed on the ground glass of the Camera Obscura,” which I com­municated to the Royal Society on the 8th of May 1856, after having investigated the cause of that extraordinary fact and tried to explain it, I found that the images produced separately by the various points of the whole aperture of an object-glass are visible only when the refracted rays are falling on the ground glass in a line nearly coinciding with the optic axes ; so that when both eyes are equally distant from the centre of the ground glass, each eye perceives only the image refracted in an oblique direction on that surface from the opposite side of the object-glass. Consequently each side of an object-glass, in proportion to its aperture, giving a different perspec­tive of a solid placed before it, the result is an illusion of relief as conspicuous as when looking naturally at the objects themselves. From the consideration of these singular facts, unnoticed before, I was led to think that it would be possible to construct a new Stereoscope, in which looking with both eyes at once on a ground glass at the point of coalescence of the two images of a stereoscopic slide, each refracted by a separate lens, we could see it on that surface in the same relief which is produced by the common stereoscope.

Cuckoo chicks evicting their nest mates: coincidental observations by Edward Jenner in England and Antoine Joseph Lottinger in France

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer G. Sealy ◽  
Mélanie F. Guigueno
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Cuculus Canorus ◽  
Common Cuckoo ◽  
Cuckoo Chick ◽  
The Common ◽  
Made In ◽  
Royal Society Of London

For centuries, naturalists were aware that soon after hatching the common cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) chick became the sole occupant of the fosterer's nest. Most naturalists thought the adult cuckoo returned to the nest and removed or ate the fosterer's eggs and young, or the cuckoo chick crowded its nest mates out of the nest. Edward Jenner published the first description of cuckoo chicks evicting eggs and young over the side of the nest. Jenner's observations, made in England in 1786 and 1787, were published by the Royal Society of London in 1788. Four years before Jenner's observations, in 1782, Antoine Joseph Lottinger recorded eviction behaviour in France and published his observations in Histoire du coucou d'Europe, in 1795. The importance of Lottinger's and Jenner's observations is considered together.

De la structure des vaisseaux anglais, considérée dans ses derniers perfectionnements

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 62-63
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Naval Architecture ◽  
Ship Building ◽  
Oblique Direction ◽  
Rectangular Frame ◽  
Longitudinal Length ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

Being engaged in collecting materials for a work entitled “A Picture of Naval Architecture in the 18th and 19th Centuries,” the author was induced to visit this country, with a view to become acquainted with the various innovations and improvements lately introduced here in the art of ship-building; and, in the present communication, offers some remarks upon the plans proposed by Mr. Seppings, an account of which has formerly been before the Royal Society, and is printed in their Transactions for 1814. After giving an outline of the fundamental principles upon which Mr. Seppings’s improvements in naval architecture principally depend, and dwelling especially upon the diagonal pieces of timber which he employs to strengthen the usual rectangular frame-work, the author proceeds to state that similar contrivances were long ago suggested and even practised by the French ship-builders, in order to give strength to the general fabric of their vessels. Instead of making the ceiling parallel to the exterior planks, they arranged it in the oblique direction of the diagonals of the parallelograms formed by the timber and the ceiling, in the whole of that part of the ship’s sides between the orlop and limber-strake next the kelson. They then covered this ceiling with riders, as usual, and placed crosspieces between them in the direction of the second diameter of the parallelogram. This system, however, was abandoned in the French navy, on account of its expense, of its diminishing the capacity of the hold, and of the erroneous notion that the longitudinal length of the ship was diminished by the obliquity of the ceiling. In 1755, the Academy of Sciences rewarded M. Chauchot, a naval engineer, for the suggestion of employing oblique for transverse riders; and in 1772, M. Clairon des Lauriers employed diagonal strengtheners in the construction of the frigate l’Oiseau.

XXIII. On the water-barometer erected in the hall of the Royal Society

1832 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. 539-574 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Physical Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metallic Tube ◽  
French Academy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Made In

I have for some time entertained an opinion, in common with some others who have turned their attention tot he subject, that a good series of observations with a Water-Barometer, accurately constructed, might throw some light upon several important points of physical science: amongst others, upon the tides of the atmosphere; the horary oscillations of the counterpoising column; the ascending and descending rate of its greater oscillations; and the tension of vapour at different atmospheric temperatures. I have sought in vain in various scientific works, and in the Transactions of Philosophical Societies, for the record of any such observations, or for a description of an instrument calculated to afford the required information with anything approaching to precision. In the first volume of the History of the French Academy of Sciences, a cursory reference is made, in the following words, to some experiments of M. Mariotte upon the subject, of which no particulars appear to have been preserved. “Le même M. Mariotte fit aussi à l’observatoire des experiences sur le baromètre ordinaire à mercure comparé au baromètre à eau. Dans l’un le mercure s’eléva à 28 polices, et dans Fautre l’eau fut a 31 pieds Cequi donne le rapport du mercure à l’eau de 13½ à 1.” Histoire de I'Acadérmie, tom. i. p. 234. It also appears that Otto Guricke constructed a philosophical toy for the amusement of himself and friends, upon the principle of the water-barometer; but the column of water probably in this, as in all the other instances which I have met with, was raised by the imperfect rarefaction of the air in the tube above it, or by filling with water a metallic tube, of sufficient length, cemented to a glass one at its upper extremity, and fitted with a stop-cock at each end; so that when full the upper one might be closed and the lower opened, when the water would fall till it afforded an equipoise to the pressure of the atmo­sphere. The imperfections of such an instrument, it is quite clear, would render it totally unfit for the delicate investigations required in the present state of science; as, to render the observations of any value, it is absolutely necessary that the water should be thoroughly purged of air, by boiling, and its insinuation or reabsorption effectually guarded against. I was convinced that the only chance of securing these two necessary ends, was to form the whole length of tube of one piece of glass, and to boil the water in it, as is done with mercury in the common barometer. The practical difficulties which opposed themselves to such a construction long appeared to me insurmount­able; but I at length contrived a plan for the purpose, which, having been honoured with the approval of the late Meteorological Committee of this Society, was ordered to be carried into execution by the President and Council.

scholarly journals XIV. On a determination of the mean density of the Earth and the gravitation constant by means of the common balance

1891 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. 565-656 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Torsion Balance ◽  
Chemical Balance ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Common Balance

In a paper printed in the Proceedings of the Royal Society,' No. 190, 1878 (vol. 28, pp. 2-35), I gave an account of some experiments undertaken in order to test the possibility of using the Common Balance in place of the Torsion Balance in the Cavendish Experiment. The success obtained seemed to justify the intention expressed in that paper to continue the work, using a large bullion balance, instead of the chemical balance with which the preliminary experiments were made. As I have had the honour to obtain grants from the Royal Society for the construction of the necessary apparatus, I have been able to carry out the experiment on the larger scale which appeared likely to render the method more satisfactory, and this paper contains an account of the results obtained.

scholarly journals Advertisement

1775 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The Public ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
The Common ◽  
Made In ◽  
At Home

The Committee appointed by the Royal Society to direct the publication of the Philosophical Transactions, take this Opportunity to acquaint the Public, that it fully appears, as well from the council-books and journals of the Society, as from repeated declarations, which have been made in several former Transactions, that the printing of them was always, from time to time, the single act of the respective Secretaries, till the Forty-Seventh Volume. And this information was thought the more necessary, not only as it had been the common opinion, that they were published by the authority, and under the direction, of the Society itself; but also, because several authors, both at home and abroad, have in their writings called them the Transactions Royal Society. Whereas in truth the Society, as a body, never did interest themselves any. further in their publication, than by occasionally recommending the revival of them to some of their Secretaries, when, from the particular circumstances of their affairs, the Transactions had happened for any length of time to be intermitted.

scholarly journals VII.—On the Motion of a Heavy Body along the Circumference of a Circle

1865 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-71
Author(s):  
Edward Sang
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Elliptic Functions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Magazine ◽  
Circular Arc ◽  
Heavy Body ◽  
Great Ease ◽  
Fourth Volume ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One

In the year 1861 I laid before the Royal Society of Edinburgh a theorem concerning the time of descent in a circular arc, by help of which that time can be computed with great ease and rapidity. A concise statement of it is printed in the fourth volume of the Society's Proceedings at page 419.The theorem in question was arrived at by the comparison of two formulæ, the one being the common series and the other an expression given in the “Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine” for November 1828, by a writer under the signature J. W. L. Each of these series is reached by a long train of transformations, developments, and integrations, which require great familiarity with the most advanced branches of the infinitesimal calculus; yet the theorem which results from their comparison has an aspect of extreme simplicity, and seems as if surely it might be attained to by a much shorter and less rugged road. For that reason I did not, at the time, give an account of the manner in which it was arrived at, intending to seek out a better proof. On comparing it with what is known in the theory of elliptic functions, its resemblance to the beautiful theorem of Halle became obvious; but then the coefficients in Halle's formulæ are necessarily less than unit, whereas for this theorem they are required to be greater than unit.

Advertisement

1766 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The Public ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
The Common ◽  
Made In ◽  
At Home

The Committee appointed by the Royal Society to direct the publication of the Philosophical Transactions, take this Opportunity to acquaint the Public, that it fully appears, as well from the council-books and journals of the Society, as from repeated declarations, which have been made in several former Transactions, that the printing of them was always, from time to time, the single act of the respective Secretaries, till the Forty-Seventh Volume. And this information was thought the more necessary, not only as it had been the common opinion, that they were published by the authority, and under the direction, of the Society itself; but also, because several authors, both at home and abroad, have in their writings called them the Transactions Royal Society. Whereas in truth the Society, as a body, never did interest themselves any. further in their publication, than by occasionally recommending the revival of them to some of their Secretaries, when, from the particular circumstances of their affairs, the Transactions had happened for any length of time to be intermitted.

scholarly journals The reproduction and metamorphosis of the common eel ( Anguilla vulgaris )

1897 ◽  
Vol 60 (359-367) ◽  
pp. 260-271 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The Common ◽  
Royal Society Of London

Four years of continual researches made by me in collaboration with my pupil, Dr. Calandruccio, have been crowned at last by a success beyond my expectations, that is to say, have enabled me to dispel in the most important points the great mystery which has hitherto surrounded the reproduction and the development of the Common Eel ( Anguilla vulgaris ). When I reflect that this mystery has occupied the attention of naturalists since the days of Aristotle, it seems to me that a short extract of my work is perhaps not unworthy to be presented to the Royal Society of London, leaving aside, how­ever, for the present, the morphological part of my results.

scholarly journals The theory of the division of the octave, and the practic treatment of the musical systems thus obtained. Revise version of a paper entitled 'on just intonation in music with a description of a new instrument for the easy control systems of tuning other than the equal temperament of 1 divisions in the octave

1875 ◽  
Vol 23 (156-163) ◽  
pp. 390-408
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Just Intonation ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Equal Temperament ◽  
Musical Systems ◽  
Revise Version

The mode of expressing Intervals . In the original paper presented by the writer to the Royal Society logarithms were employed as the measure of intervals, as they have been commonly employed by others. Great advantages have been found, however, to result from the adoption of the equal temperament (E. T.) mitone, which is 1/12 of an octave, as the unit of interval. It is the unit most familiar to musicians, and has been found to admit of the expression of the theory of cyclical systems by means of formulæ of the simplest character. The writer therefore devised the following rules for the transformation of ratios into E. T. semitones and vice versâ , and subsequently found that De Morgan had given rules for the same purpose which are substantially the same (Camb. Phil. Trans, vol. x. p. 129). The rules obviously depend on the form of log 2. The form of the first e affords a little more accuracy than De Morgan’s.

Joseph Priestley and the Birmingham riots

1956 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-113
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Samuel Johnson ◽  
Mob Violence ◽  
General Feeling ◽  
History Of ◽  
Joseph Priestley ◽  
The Common

Samuel Johnson regarded Joseph Priestley as a man whose theological works ‘tended to unsettle every thing, and yet settle nothing’; an opinion shared by many contemporaries. Like Priestley himself they paid more attention to those views religious and political, which by their unorthodoxy had made him obnoxious, than to those researches both chemical and physical, the merits of which when judged without bias were to replace an immediate notoriety as a controversialist by a more lasting fame as a philosopher. Priestley’s election in 1766 to Fellowship of the Royal Society is less a true indication of the general feeling towards him than the burning in 1785 at Dordrecht by the hand of the common executioner of his History of the corruptions of Christany . This antagonism towards Priestley found its fullest expression in the Birmingham Riots of 1791, when his property was destroyed by mob violence, and he himself narrowly escaped with his life.

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