Potential therapeutic strategies of phytochemicals in neurodegenerative disorders

: Neurodegeneration is a syndrome that occurs through the loss of the neuronal system's structure and function. In the 21st century, major health issues are related to cognitive impairment and neurological disorders such as autism, learning disabilities, Huntington’s, cerebral palsy, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, neuromuscular, lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease may be life-threatening. Various experimental and epidemiological studies reveal the risk factors associated with the disease, like oxidative stress, hypertension, antioxidant enzyme abnormalities, metabolic toxicity, advanced age, cytoskeletal abnormalities, genetic defects, autoimmunity, mineral deficiencies, and other vascular disorders. Various compounds have been screened for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), but, due to their side effects, they have solitary symptomatic benefits. Phytochemicals play a crucial role in maintaining the chemical balance of the brain by affecting the receptor function of specific inhibitory neurotransmitters. This review highlights the importance of phytochemicals for neurodegenerative diseases, in particular the possible mechanism of action of these natural compounds used for the treatment.

ANDROID-BASED LEARNING MEDIA DEVELOPMENT FOR CHEMICAL BALANCE MATERIALS

This study aims to obtain an innovative android-based chemistry learning media for Chemical Equilibrium material in Class XII MIA. To achieve this goal, research on the type of development using the 4D method has been carried out. The media obtained were tested for feasibility, referring to the feasibility indicators of learning media in the National Education Standards Agency, BSNP involving expert validators. The research result show that(1) An android-based chemistry learning media (ChemsDroid) has been obtained on chemical equilibrium topic.(2). The ChemsDroid media obtained has met the eligibility criteria based on the National Education Standards Agency (BSNP), namely content feasibility, graphic feasibility, language feasibility and presentation feasibility.(3) The results of the perception test showed that students gave a very good response.

Full latitudinal marine atmospheric measurements of iodine monoxide

Iodine compounds destroy ozone (O3) in the global troposphere and form new aerosols, thereby affecting the global radiative balance. However, few reports have described the latitudinal distribution of atmospheric iodine compounds. This work reports iodine monoxide (IO) measurements over unprecedented sampling areas from Arctic to the Southern Hemisphere and spanning sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of approximately 0 °C to 31.5 °C. The highest IO concentrations were observed over the Western Pacific warm pool (WPWP), where O3 minima were also measured. There, negative correlation was found between O3 and IO mixing ratios at extremely low O3 concentrations. This correlation is not explained readily by the “O3-dependent” oceanic fluxes of photolabile inorganic iodine compounds, the dominant source in recent global-scale chemistry-transport models representing iodine chemistry, and rather implies that “O3-independent” pathways can be similarly important in the WPWP. The O3-independent fluxes result in a 15 % greater O3 loss than that estimated for O3-dependent processes alone. The daily O3 loss rate related to iodine over the WPWP is as high as approximately 2 ppbv despite low O3 concentrations of ~10 ppbv, with the loss being up to 100 % greater than that without iodine. This finding suggests that warming SST driven by climate change may affect the marine atmospheric chemical balance through iodine–ozone chemistry.

Understanding the trends and controlling factors of Indian Ocean acidification

<p>The Indian Ocean (IO) is witnessing acidification of its surface waters as a consequence of the continuous rising of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration thus disrupting the biological and chemical balance of the ecosystem in the region. The basin wide spatial variability of biogeochemical properties induces spatial variability of surface water pH. This study investigates the seasonality and trends of surface pH over the IO bioprovinces and regionally assesses the individual contribution of the factors affecting its variability. Simulations from global ocean models (OTTM and ROMS) coupled with suitable biogeochemical modules were validated with pH observations over the basin, and used to discern the regional response of pH seasonality (1990-2010) and trend (1961-2010) to changes in ocean temperature (SST), Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), Total Alkalinity (ALK) and Salinity (S). DIC and SST are the major contributors to the seasonal variability of pH in almost all bioprovinces consistent in both model simulations. The acidification in IO basin of 0.0675 units during 1961-2010 is attributed to 69.28% contribution of DIC followed by 13.82% contribution of SST. For most of the regions DIC remains a dominant contributor to changing trend in pH except for the Northern Bay of Bengal and Around India (NBoB-AI) region, wherein pH trend is dominated by ALK (55.6%) and SST (16.8%). The interdependence of SST and S over ALK is significant in modifying the carbonate chemistry and biogeochemical dynamics of NBoB-AI and a part of tropical, subtropical IO. The strong negative correlation between SST and pH infers the increasing risk of acidification in the bioprovinces with the rising SST.</p><p>This study is an attempt to identify the regional influencers of pH variability so that adequate mitigation action can be planned and the acidification can be decelerated in near future.</p>

Molecular-kinetic characteristics of high-viscosity oil flow through pipelines

The attempt of interpretation of high-viscous block, which is formed into the pipelines when surrounding temperature lowered, by the main equations of statistic theory of colloid chemical balance.

The feasibility of utilizing existing process streams in kraft pulp mills as a source of chemicals for lignin extraction

Lignin is a sustainable raw material with a high potential for use in the production of renewable products. While the market for lignin is slowly growing, lignin recovery via acid precipitation during the kraft pulping process requires the addition of chemicals that will impact the chemical balance of the pulp mill. This negatively affects both the environmental and business operations. Utilizing existing process streams as a source of chemicals will allow the mill to close the chemical loop and reduce emissions, which will have positive environmental impacts. This study investigated the internal production of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) for use in lignin separation (also called extraction) at a Swedish kraft pulp mill. The process simulation tool CHEMCAD was used to model and analyze the wet gas H2SO4 (WSA) process to produce H2SO4. The chemical absorption process using monoethanolamine (MEA) to capturing CO2 was also analyzed. The utilization of the sulphur-containing gases to produce H2SO4 can generate an amount that corresponds to a significant lignin extraction rate. The CO2 available in the flue gases from a mill well exceeds the amount required for lignin extraction.

Average annual background quantity of chemical elements and organic matter in the streams of the "River" environment flowing into Lake Baikal reservoirs

The aim of the article is to assess the average long-term background hydrochemical input of chemical elements and organic matter from the flows of the natural component of the environment "Rivers" flowing into the South, Selenginsky, Middle and North reservoirs of Lake. Baikal. The results of calculation of the average annual amount (g/year) of chemical elements and organic matter (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al, Si, Mn2+, Feобщ , SO42-, HCO3-, Cl-, NO3-, PO43-, Cr, Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb, Sr, Zn, Co, U, V, Mo, Cорг, Nорг, Pорг, Sорг, CO2, Ti) in the streams of the natural component of the environment "Rivers" flowing into the South, Selenginsky, Sredniy, Severny reservoirs of Lake Baikal are presented. The scale of the river chemical input into the reservoirs and the contribution of the "River" flows to the chemical balances of these reservoirs have been determined. It has been established that only in the Selenga reservoir the rivers carry a significant amount of matter (about 3%). The contribution of river flows to the chemical balance of the reservoir is 3.54; 5.4; 17.5 and 21.5% in the South, Selenga, Middle and North reservoirs, respectively. The rivers flowing into the Selenga reservoir carry 70.6% of the total amount of matter brought by the rivers into the lake. Whereas the rivers of the Northern, Middle and Southern reservoirs carry 14.0; 11.6 and 3.8% of the matter. Only in the Selenga and Northern reservoirs, the rivers (tributaries) are the main sources of macrocomponents (K+, Na+, Ca2+, SO42-, CO3-, Cl-), a number of microcomponents (Rb, Mo, Hg, Sr, and Cu and Zn in the Selenga river-), organic matter (Corgг, Norg, Porg), and biogenic components in the Selenga reservoir (NO3-).

New Results Regarding the Construction Method for D‑optimal Chemical Balance Weighing Designs

We study an experiment in which we determine unknown measurements of p objects in n weighing operations according to the model of the chemical balance weighing design. We determine a design which is D‑optimal. For the construction of the D‑optimal design, we use the incidence matrices of balance incomplete block designs, balanced bipartite weighing designs and ternary balanced block designs. We give some optimality conditions determining the relationships between the parameters of a D‑optimal design and we present a series of parameters of such designs. Based on these parameters, we will be able to set down D‑optimal designs in classes in which it was impossible so far.