ABSTRACTHerpesviruses, which include important pathogens, remodel the host cell nucleus to facilitate infection. This remodeling includes the formation of structures called replication compartments (RCs) in which herpesviruses replicate their DNA. During infection with the betaherpesvirus, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), viral DNA synthesis occurs at the periphery of RCs within the nuclear interior, after which assembled capsids must reach the inner nuclear membrane (INM) for translocation to the cytoplasm (nuclear egress). The processes that facilitate movement of HCMV capsids to the INM during nuclear egress are unknown. Although an actin-based mechanism of alphaherpesvirus capsid trafficking to the INM has been proposed, it is controversial. Here, using a fluorescently-tagged, nucleus-localized actin-binding peptide, we show that HCMV, but not herpes simplex virus 1, strongly induced nuclear actin filaments (F-actin) in human fibroblasts. Based on studies using UV inactivation and inhibitors, this induction depended on viral gene expression. Interestingly, by 24 h postinfection, nuclear F-actin formed thicker structures that appeared by super-resolution microscopy to be bundles of filaments. Later in infection, nuclear F-actin primarily localized along the RC periphery and between the RC periphery and the nuclear rim. Importantly, a drug that depolymerized nuclear F-actin caused defects in production of infectious virus, capsid accumulation in the cytoplasm, and capsid localization near the nuclear rim, without decreasing capsid accumulation in the nucleus. Thus, our results suggest that for at least one herpesvirus, nuclear F-actin promotes capsid movement to the nuclear periphery and nuclear egress. We discuss our results in terms of competing models for these processes.IMPORTANCEThe mechanisms underlying herpesvirus nuclear egress have not been fully determined. In particular, how newly assembled capsids move to the inner nuclear membrane for envelopment is uncertain and controversial. In this study, we show that HCMV, an important human pathogen, induces actin filaments in the nuclei of infected cells and that an inhibitor of nuclear F-actin impairs nuclear egress and capsid localization toward the nuclear periphery. Herpesviruses are widespread pathogens that cause or contribute to an array of human diseases. A better understanding of how herpesvirus capsids traffic in the nucleus may uncover novel targets for antiviral intervention and elucidate aspects of the nuclear cytoskeleton, about which little is known.
Analysis of intracellular and intraviral localization of the human cytomegalovirus UL53 protein
