Clustered brachiopod Hox genes are not expressed collinearly and are associated with lophotrochozoan novelties

Temporal collinearity is often regarded as the force preserving Hox clusters in vertebrate genomes. Studies that combine genomic and gene expression data in invertebrates would allow generalizing this observation across all animals, but are scarce, particularly within Lophotrochozoa (e.g., snails and segmented worms). Here, we use two brachiopod species –Terebratalia transversa, Novocrania anomala– to characterize the complement, cluster and expression of their Hox genes. T. transversa has an ordered, split cluster with ten genes (lab, pb, Hox3, dfd, scr, lox5, antp, lox4, post2, post1), while N. anomala has nine (missing post1). Our in situ hybridization, qPCR and stage specific transcriptomic analyses show that brachiopod Hox genes are neither strictly temporally nor spatially collinear; only pb (in T. transversa), Hox3 and dfd (in both brachiopods) show staggered mesodermal expression. The spatial expression of the Hox genes in both brachiopod species correlates with their morphology and demonstrates cooption of Hox genes in the chaetae and shell fields, two major lophotrochozoan morphological novelties. The shared and specific expression of a subset of Hox genes, Arx and Zic orthologs in chaetae and shell-fields between brachiopods, mollusks, and annelids supports the deep conservation of the molecular basis forming these lophotrochozoan hallmarks. Our findings challenge that collinearity alone preserves lophotrochozoan Hox clusters, indicating that additional genomic traits need to be considered in understanding Hox evolution.