scholarly journals Recognition of natural objects in the archerfish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Volotsky ◽  
Opher Donchin ◽  
Ohad Ben-Shahar ◽  
Ronen Segev
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Visual Behavior ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Individual Object ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Natural Objects ◽  
Novel Objects

Recognition of individual objects and their categorization is a complex computational task. Nevertheless, visual systems are able to perform this task in a rapid and accurate manner. Humans and other animals can efficiently recognize objects despite countless variations in their projection on the retina due to different viewing angles, distance, illumination conditions, and other parameters. Numerous studies conducted in mammals have associated the recognition process with cortical activity. Although the ability to recognize objects is not limited to mammals and has been well-documented in other vertebrates that lack a cortex, the mechanism remains elusive. To address this gap, we explored object recognition in the archerfish, which lack a fully developed cortex. Archerfish hunt by shooting a jet of water at aerial targets. We leveraged this unique skill to monitor visual behavior in archerfish by presenting fish with a set of images on a computer screen above the water tank and observing the behavioral response. This methodology served to characterize the ability of the archerfish to perform ecologically relevant recognition of natural objects. We found that archerfish can recognize an individual object presented under different conditions and that they can also categorize novel objects into known categories. Manipulating features of these objects revealed that the fish were more sensitive to object contours than texture and that a small number of features was sufficient for categorization. Our findings suggest the existence of a complex visual process in the archerfish visual system that enables object recognition and categorization.

scholarly journals A New Paradigm for Training Hyperactive Dopamine Transporter Knockout Rats: Influence of Novel Stimuli on Object Recognition

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia P. Kurzina ◽  
Anna B. Volnova ◽  
Irina Y. Aristova ◽  
Raul R. Gainetdinov
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Dopamine Transporter ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Dopaminergic Transmission ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is believed to be connected with a high level of hyperactivity caused by alterations of the control of dopaminergic transmission in the brain. The strain of hyperdopaminergic dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) rats represents an optimal model for investigating ADHD-related pathological mechanisms. The goal of this work was to study the influence of the overactivated dopamine system in the brain on a motor cognitive task fulfillment. The DAT-KO rats were trained to learn an object recognition task and store it in long-term memory. We found that DAT-KO rats can learn to move an object and retrieve food from the rewarded familiar objects and not to move the non-rewarded novel objects. However, we observed that the time of task performance and the distances traveled were significantly increased in DAT-KO rats in comparison with wild-type controls. Both groups of rats explored the novel objects longer than the familiar cubes. However, unlike controls, DAT-KO rats explored novel objects significantly longer and with fewer errors, since they preferred not to move the non-rewarded novel objects. After a 3 months’ interval that followed the training period, they were able to retain the learned skills in memory and to efficiently retrieve them. The data obtained indicate that DAT-KO rats have a deficiency in learning the cognitive task, but their hyperactivity does not prevent the ability to learn a non-spatial cognitive task under the presentation of novel stimuli. The longer exploration of novel objects during training may ensure persistent learning of the task paradigm. These findings may serve as a base for developing new ADHD learning paradigms.

scholarly journals Transformation from independent to integrative coding of multi-object arrangements in human visual cortex

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kaiser ◽  
Marius V. Peelen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Individual Object ◽  
Object Coding

AbstractTo optimize processing, the human visual system utilizes regularities present in naturalistic visual input. One of these regularities is the relative position of objects in a scene (e.g., a sofa in front of a television), with behavioral research showing that regularly positioned objects are easier to perceive and to remember. Here we use fMRI to test how positional regularities are encoded in the visual system. Participants viewed pairs of objects that formed minimalistic two-object scenes (e.g., a “living room” consisting of a sofa and television) presented in their regularly experienced spatial arrangement or in an irregular arrangement (with interchanged positions). Additionally, single objects were presented centrally and in isolation. Multi-voxel activity patterns evoked by the object pairs were modeled as the average of the response patterns evoked by the two single objects forming the pair. In two experiments, this approximation in object-selective cortex was significantly less accurate for the regularly than the irregularly positioned pairs, indicating integration of individual object representations. More detailed analysis revealed a transition from independent to integrative coding along the posterior-anterior axis of the visual cortex, with the independent component (but not the integrative component) being almost perfectly predicted by object selectivity across the visual hierarchy. These results reveal a transitional stage between individual object and multi-object coding in visual cortex, providing a possible neural correlate of efficient processing of regularly positioned objects in natural scenes.

scholarly journals Visual Behavior Based Bio-Inspired Polarization Techniques in Computer Vision and Robotics

2012 ◽  
pp. 243-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abd El Rahman Shabayek ◽  
Olivier Morel ◽  
David Fofi
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Object Recognition ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Polarization Vision ◽  
Visual Behavior ◽  
Biologically Inspired ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Robotics

For long time, it was thought that the sensing of polarization by animals is invariably related to their behavior, such as navigation and orientation. Recently, it was found that polarization can be part of a high-level visual perception, permitting a wide area of vision applications. Polarization vision can be used for most tasks of color vision including object recognition, contrast enhancement, camouflage breaking, and signal detection and discrimination. The polarization based visual behavior found in the animal kingdom is briefly covered. Then, the authors go in depth with the bio-inspired applications based on polarization in computer vision and robotics. The aim is to have a comprehensive survey highlighting the key principles of polarization based techniques and how they are biologically inspired.

scholarly journals Unique contributions of skeletal structure for object recognition in the visual system

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 170c
Author(s):  
Vladislav Ayzenberg ◽  
Frederik S Kamps ◽  
Daniel D Dilks ◽  
Stella F Lourenco
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Skeletal Structure

Visual Systems and the Role of Vision in Subterranean Rodents: Diversity of Retinal Properties and Visual System Designs

2007 ◽  
pp. 129-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Němec ◽  
Pavla Cveková ◽  
Hynek Burda ◽  
Oldřich Benada ◽  
Leo Peichl
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Subterranean Rodents ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
System Designs

The Insect Visual System: Correspondence with Vertebrates and with Olfactory Processing

2017 ◽  
pp. 293-306
Author(s):  
Nicholas J. Strausfeld
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Insect Visual System ◽  
Dendritic Trees ◽  
Optic Lobes ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Valid Comparison ◽  
Olfactory Processing ◽  
Lateral Protocerebrum

A 1915 monograph by the Nobel Prize–winning neuroanatomist Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Domingo Sánchez y Sánchez, describing neurons and their organization in the optic lobes of insects, is now standard fare for those studying the microcircuitry of the insect visual system. The work contains prescient assumptions about possible functional arrangements, such as lateral interactions, centrifugal pathways, and the convergence of neurons onto wider dendritic trees, to provide central integration of information processed at peripheral levels of the system. This chapter will consider further indications of correspondence between the insect-crustacean and the vertebrate visual systems, with particular reference to the deep organization of the optic lobe’s third optic neuropil, the lobula, and part of the lateral forebrain (protocerebrum) that receives inputs from it. Together, the lobula and lateral protocerebrum suggest valid comparison with the visual cortex and olfactory centers.

AWAVS, a Research Facility for Defining Flight Trainer Visual System Requirements

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley C. Collyer ◽  
Walter S. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Wide Angle ◽  
Experimental Facility ◽  
Research Facility ◽  
Pilot Performance ◽  
System Parameters ◽  
Systems Research ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
System Requirements ◽  
And Training

The objective of the Navy's Aviation Wide Angle Visual System (AWAVS) program is to recommend design criteria for future flight simulator visual systems. Research leading to this goal will have two facets: improving visual system technology, and determining the effects of visual system parameters on pilot performance and training. The experimental facility is described, and the behavioral research plans are discussed, with emphasis on the carrier landing studies to be conducted during the first phase of the program.

scholarly journals The visual ecology of Holocentridae, a nocturnal coral reef fish family with a deep-sea-like multibank retina

2020 ◽  
pp. jeb.233098
Author(s):  
Fanny de Busserolles ◽  
Fabio Cortesi ◽  
Lily Fogg ◽  
Sara M. Stieb ◽  
Martin Luehrmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Fish Family ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Retinal Topography ◽  
Dim Light

The visual systems of teleost fishes usually match their habitats and lifestyles. Since coral reefs are bright and colourful environments, the visual systems of their diurnal inhabitants have been more extensively studied than those of nocturnal species. In order to fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a detailed investigation of the visual system of the nocturnal reef fish family Holocentridae. Results showed that the visual system of holocentrids is well adapted to their nocturnal lifestyle with a rod-dominated retina. Surprisingly, rods in all species were arranged into 6-17 well-defined banks, a feature most commonly found in deep-sea fishes, that may increase the light sensitivity of the eye and/or allow colour discrimination in dim-light. Holocentrids also have the potential for dichromatic colour vision during the day with the presence of at least two spectrally different cone types: single cones expressing the blue-sensitive SWS2A gene, and double cones expressing one or two green-sensitive RH2 genes. Some differences were observed between the two subfamilies, with Holocentrinae (squirrelfish) having a slightly more developed photopic visual system than Myripristinae (soldierfish). Moreover, retinal topography of both ganglion cells and cone photoreceptors showed specific patterns for each cell type, likely highlighting different visual demands at different times of the day, such as feeding. Overall, their well-developed scotopic visual systems and the ease of catching and maintaining holocentrids in aquaria, make them ideal models to investigate teleost dim-light vision and more particularly shed light on the function of the multibank retina and its potential for dim-light colour vision.

scholarly journals Why are “What” and “Where” Processed by Separate Cortical Visual Systems? A Computational Investigation

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay G. Rueckl ◽  
Kyle R. Cave ◽  
Stephen M. Kosslyn
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
Computational Investigation ◽  
Connectionist Models ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Computational Resources ◽  
Computational Properties ◽  
Hidden Nodes

In the primate visual system, the identification of objects and the processing of spatial information are accomplished by different cortical pathways. The computational properties of this “two-systems” design were explored by constructing simplifying connectionist models. The models were designed to simultaneously classify and locate shapes that could appear in multiple positions in a matrix, and the ease of forming representations of the two kinds of information was measured. Some networks were designed so that all hidden nodes projected to all output nodes, whereas others had the hidden nodes split into two groups, with some projecting to the output nodes that registered shape identity and the remainder projecting to the output nodes that registered location. The simulations revealed that splitting processing into separate streams for identifying and locating a shape led to better performance only under some circumstances. Provided that enough computational resources were available in both streams, split networks were able to develop more efficient internal representations, as revealed by detailed analyses of the patterns of weights between connections.

Visual word recognition models should also be constrained by knowledge about the visual system

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 287-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Gomez ◽  
Sarah Silins
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Universal Models ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Models Of Reading ◽  
Reading Models

AbstractFrost's article advocates for universal models of reading and critiques recent models that concentrate in what has been described as “cracking the orthographic code.” Although the challenge to develop models that can account for word recognition beyond Indo-European languages is welcomed, we argue that reading models should also be constrained by general principles of visual processing and object recognition.

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