Perceived COVID-19 impacts and travel avoidance: application of protection motivation theory

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shama Nazneen ◽  
Hong Xu ◽  
Nizam Ud Din ◽  
Rehmat Karim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Safety Perception

Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic and the travellers’ behaviour towards travel risk is an emerging issue. Nonetheless, the travellers’ perceived COVID-19 impacts, travel risk perception, health and safety perception and travel avoidance concerning protection motivation theory is unnoticed. Following the protection motivation theory, the current study investigates the direct and indirect relationships between perceived COVID-19 impacts and travel avoidance. Moreover, the travellers’ cognitive perceptions of risk may vary with their demographic characteristics; therefore, the present study aims to test the differences in group-specific parameter estimates using a multi-group analysis. Design/methodology/approach The authors approached travellers from Tianjin, China using different communication services, including WeChat and email, through a snowball sampling technique. The study used 553 valid questionnaires for analysis. Findings The results of 553 questionnaires in structural equation modelling (SEM) with AMOS 21 indicated that travellers’ perceived Covid-19 impacts positively correlate with travel avoidance. The study model based on protection motivation theory specifies that travel risk perception and health and safety perception as a cognitive mediating process partially mediated the relationship between perceived COVID-19 impacts and travel avoidance. The findings specified that during COVID-19, travellers assessed the severity of travel risks and adopted preventive measures which influenced their travel behaviour and led to travel avoidance. The multi-group analysis results indicated no difference in perception for gender and education; however, concerning age, the significant nested p-value specifies a difference in perception. Practical implications The study offers implications for policymakers and the tourism industry to understand the travellers’ perceptions of travel during the pandemic and ensure health and safety measures to encourage travelling and reviving the tourism industry. Originality/value The application of protection motivation theory to analyse the travellers’ perceived COVID-19 impacts and travel avoidance in the presence of travel risk perception and health and safety perceptions as a cognitive mediating process is novel.

Protection motivation theory and brick-and-mortar salespeople

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 865-879
Author(s):  
Megan C. Good ◽  
Michael R. Hyman
Keyword(s):  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Fear Appeals ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brick And Mortar ◽  
Retail Managers ◽  
Adaptive Behaviours ◽  
Maladaptive Behaviours

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to apply protection motivation theory (PMT) to brick-and-mortar salespeople's responses to customers' fear appeals.Design/methodology/approachThe approach is to develop a conceptual model for the effect of customers' fear appeals on brick-and-mortar salespeople.FindingsPMT relates to the influence of customers' fear appeals on brick-and-mortar salespeople's behaviours. The salesperson's decision whether to follow a retail manager's suggestion about ways to mitigate a customer's fear appeal depends on believed threat severity, believed threat susceptibility, response efficacy, self-efficacy and response costs.Research limitations/implicationsPMT is applied to a new domain: brick-and-mortar salespeople. Although a powerful yet universal emotion, only limited research has examined fear within this group.Practical implicationsUnderstanding salespeople's fears will help retail managers identify strategies for encouraging adaptive behaviours and deterring maladaptive behaviours by salespeople.Originality/valueA model relating customers' fear appeals to salespeople's behaviours is introduced.

Consumers’ lodging intentions during a pandemic: empirical insights for crisis management practices based on protection motivation theory and expectancy theory

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alei Fan ◽  
Sheryl F. Kline ◽  
Yiran Liu ◽  
Karen Byrd
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Expectancy Theory ◽  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Survey ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Consumption Intentions

Purpose Drawing on protection motivation theory (PMT) and expectancy theory, this study aims to investigate consumers’ lodging consumption intentions during a pandemic crisis. Design/methodology/approach The research survey was conducted during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic (August, 2020) in the USA to investigate consumers’ lodging intentions amidst the pandemic crisis. PLS-SEM and multiple regression were conducted to explore answers to proposed research questions. Findings The research finds that, during the pandemic crisis, consumers’ lodging consumption intentions are subject to both their internal protection motivation evaluations and the external prevention practices implemented by the lodging facilities regardless of property types and travel purposes. Notably, the research finds that consumers are willing to make efforts and pay extra for a safe stay at lodging facilities. Research limitations/implications This research contributes to the literature regarding the applications of PMT and expectancy theory from a crisis management perspective, and it provides implications and guidelines to the crisis management practices in the lodging industry. Originality/value The current research examines the specific protection motivation appraisal factors and prevention practices significantly impacting consumers’ decisions in terms of willingness to stay at various lodging facilities (hotels and non-hotel homestay/short-term rental properties) for different purposes (business and leisure) and to pay premiums for a safe stay.

Can protection motivation theory explain the perception of international tourists' on medical tourism?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ai Na Seow ◽  
Chee Keong Choong ◽  
I-Chi Chen ◽  
Yuen Onn Choong
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Medical Tourism ◽  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Behavioural Intention ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Fear Appeal ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Content Type

PurposeMedical tourism has grown to become a formidable multinational industry to generate revenue. This phenomenon has also increased impact on the healthcare sector as well as strategies development opportunities. The present study emphases on the international tourists' behavioural intention for medical tourism in Malaysia. A research framework is derived from the exceptional component of fear appeal in protection motivation theory (PMT).Design/methodology/approachData were collected with a sample of 501 respondents and analysed via structural equation modelling approach. Both measurement model and structural model were assessed to generate the result.FindingsThe outcomes have shown a good backing on the use of adapted PMT theoretical model. There is a higher predictive power on health coping than health threats. Coping alternatives can be served as the linkage between the PMT appraisals and behavioural intention.Research limitations/implicationsThe study confirmed the effectiveness of using a theoretical framework in predicting international tourists' behavioural intention for medical tourism. It is suggesting that risk adaptive behaviour does offer a valuable proposition in contributing to the reception of medical tourism.Practical implicationsThe present study argues the need for greater clarity in understanding the emergent implications for health policy and healthcare delivery for future medical tourism development.Originality/valueThe fundamental theories and current literature do not incorporate the component of fear appeal in explaining decision making. The study findings demonstrate that protection motivation theory has provide another promising theoretical model in explaining international tourists' behaviour intention for medical tourism.

Consumer's transition to online clothing buying during the COVID-19 pandemic: exploration through protection motivation theory and consumer well-being

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivana Kursan Milaković ◽  
Dario Miocevic
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Adaptive Behaviour ◽  
Threat Appraisal ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Content Type

PurposeBy drawing on protection motivation theory, this study explores consumers' motivation to engage in adaptive behaviour envisioned through a transition from offline to online clothing purchasing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, this paper explores the conditioning effects of consumer resilience and satisfaction with retailers' assistive intent through the consumer well-being framework.Design/methodology/approachA total of 363 useable surveys were obtained from Croatian consumers. Data were analysed with confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling.FindingsCoping appraisal positively impacts adaptive behaviour by increasing online clothing purchase intention, while threat appraisal has no direct effect on adaptive behaviour. The relationship between threat appraisal and adaptive behaviour is negatively moderated by consumer resilience and satisfaction with the retailer's assistive intent.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations include the convenience sampling method and data collection at one point as well as the focus on consumers from one country.Practical implicationsThis study provides a blueprint for designing marketing actions that retail managers should consider to respond to a crisis effectively while maintaining satisfactory buying experiences during health crises and other challenging events.Originality/valueGiven the unique research context, i.e. the COVID-19 pandemic, this study is one of the few and the first in Croatia to unfold the importance of protection motivation theory in providing a greater understanding of consumer's adaptive behaviour (transition from offline to online) in online clothing retail channels during the period of the global health-related crisis. Benefits from understanding consumers' coping and threat appraisal mechanisms while addressing their buying needs in adverse circumstances are revealed. In addition, the theoretical implications regarding the conditional effects of consumer resilience and consumer satisfaction with retailers' assistive intent during a pandemic are also provided.

Protection Motivation Theory Measure--Revised

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Williams ◽  
Susan Rasmussen ◽  
Adam Kleczkowski ◽  
Savi Maharaj ◽  
Nicole Cairns
Keyword(s):  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Motivation Theory

scholarly journals Determinants of adherence to COVID-19 measures among the Belgian population: an application of the protection motivation theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris Adriaan Frank van Loenhout ◽  
Kirsten Vanderplanken ◽  
Bénédicte Scheen ◽  
Stephan Van den Broucke ◽  
Isabelle Aujoulat
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Response Efficacy ◽  
Belgian Population

Abstract Background Since the start of the COVID-19 outbreak, the Belgian government has implemented various infection prevention and control measures. This study assessed the extent to which the general population in Belgium adhered to these measures, and which determinants were associated with adherence. Methods We undertook an internet survey among a sample of the Belgian population, representative for sex, age, socio-economic status and province. The questionnaire included various demographic, socio-economic and health-related questions, and also drew upon the Protection Motivation Theory as a theoretical framework to measure levels of perceived severity, vulnerability, perceived usefulness of the measures (response efficacy), perceived personal capacity to adhere (self-efficacy), and past and future adherence. Data were collected in Dutch and French, the main languages of Belgium. Results Our study was carried out in September 2020, and the number of respondents was 2008. On average, respondents provided high scores for each of the measures in place in September in terms of response efficacy (range of 3.54–4.32 on 1 to 5 Likert-scale), self-efficacy (range of 3.00–4.00), past adherence (4.00–4.68) and future adherence (3.99–4.61). The measure that overall received the highest scores was wearing a face mask in public spaces, while ‘the social bubble of 5’ generally received the lowest scores. There was a statistically significant relationship between response efficacy and self-efficacy on the one hand and (past and future) adherence on the other hand, in a multivariate model corrected for confounders. Vulnerability and severity did not show statistical significance. Conclusion Risk communication regarding COVID-19 should place a stronger emphasis on helping people understand why implemented measures are useful and how they can be put into practice, more than on increasing fear appeals.

scholarly journals Protection Motivation Theory in Information Systems Security Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-67
Author(s):  
Steffi Haag ◽  
Mikko Siponen ◽  
Fufan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Protection Motivation Theory ◽  
Protection Motivation ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Motivation Theory ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Systems Security ◽  
Security Research ◽  
Is Security ◽  
New Research

Protection motivation theory (PMT) is one of the most commonly used theories to examine information security behaviors. Our systematic review of the application of PMT in information systems (IS) security and the comparison with its application for decades in psychology identified five categories of important issues that have not yet been examined in IS security research. Discussing these issues in terms of why they are relevant and important for IS security, and to what extent IS research has not considered them, offers new research opportunities associated with the study of PMT and IS security threats. We suggest how future studies can approach each of the open issues to provide a new road map for quantitative and qualitative IS scholars.

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