Conventional geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) land cover classification methods by using very high resolution images are hardly applicable due to their complex ground truth and manually selected features, while convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with many hidden layers provide the possibility of extracting deep features from very high resolution images. Compared with pixel-based CNNs, superpixel-based CNN classification, carrying on the idea of GEOBIA, is more efficient. However, superpixel-based CNNs are still problematic in terms of their processing units and accuracies. Firstly, the limitations of salt and pepper errors and low boundary adherence caused by superpixel segmentation still exist; secondly, this method uses the central point of the superpixel as the classification benchmark in identifying the category of the superpixel, which does not allow classification accuracy to be ensured. To solve such problems, this paper proposes a region-based majority voting CNN which combines the idea of GEOBIA and the deep learning technique. Firstly, training data was manually labeled and trained; secondly, images were segmented under multiresolution and the segmented regions were taken as basic processing units; then, point voters were generated within each segmented region and the perceptive fields of points voters were put into the multi-scale CNN to determine their categories. Eventually, the final category of each region was determined in the region majority voting system. The experiments and analyses indicate the following: 1. region-based majority voting CNNs can fully utilize their exclusive nature to extract abstract deep features from images; 2. compared with the pixel-based CNN and superpixel-based CNN, the region-based majority voting CNN is not only efficient but also capable of keeping better segmentation accuracy and boundary fit; 3. to a certain extent, region-based majority voting CNNs reduce the impact of the scale effect upon large objects; and 4. multi-scales containing small scales are more applicable for very high resolution image classification than the single scale.
Wavelet based texture modeling for panchromatic very high resolution image classification: Application to oyster racks detection
