Land cover is an important variable of the terrestrial ecosystem that provides information for natural resources management, urban sprawl detection, and environment research. To classify land cover with high-spatial-resolution multispectral remote sensing imagery is a difficult problem due to heterogeneous spectral values of the same object on the ground. Fully convolutional networks (FCNs) are a state-of-the-art method that has been increasingly used in image segmentation and classification. However, a systematic quantitative comparison of FCNs on high-spatial-multispectral remote imagery was not yet performed. In this paper, we adopted the three FCNs (FCN-8s, Segnet, and Unet) for Gaofen-2 (GF2) satellite imagery classification. Two scenes of GF2 with a total of 3329 polygon samples were used in the study area and a systematic quantitative comparison of FCNs was conducted with red, green, blue (RGB) and RGB+near infrared (NIR) inputs for GF2 satellite imagery. The results showed that: (1) The FCN methods perform well in land cover classification with GF2 imagery, and yet, different FCNs architectures exhibited different results in mapping accuracy. The FCN-8s model performed best among the Segnet and Unet architectures due to the multiscale feature channels in the upsampling stage. Averaged across the models, the overall accuracy (OA) and Kappa coefficient (Kappa) were 5% and 0.06 higher, respectively, in FCN-8s when compared with the other two models. (2) High-spatial-resolution remote sensing imagery with RGB+NIR bands performed better than RGB input at mapping land cover, and yet the advantage was limited; the OA and Kappa only increased an average of 0.4% and 0.01 in the RGB+NIR bands. (3) The GF2 imagery provided an encouraging result in estimating land cover based on the FCN-8s method, which can be exploited for large-scale land cover mapping in the future.
An Assessment of Land Use Land Cover Change Pattern in Patna Municipal Corporation Over a Period of 25 Years (1989-2014) Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
