Conventional oral administration of antifilariasis drugs results in nonspecific targeting of the drugs and the intradermal delivery of nanoparticles with sizes of <100 nm could be used to improve lymphatic uptake. This study investigated the combination of nanosuspension and dissolving microneedles (MN-NS) as an alternative intradermal delivery approach for the delivery of antifilariasis drugs, namely doxycycline, albendazole, and ivermectin. NS were fabricated and optimized using a bottom-up technique. The NS were then incorporated into the MN arrays. The optimized NS were <100 nm in diameter. Furthermore, MN-NS had suitable mechanical strength and insertion capabilities. The dermatokinetic study revealed that the delivery of drugs into the dermis of excised neonatal porcine skin by MNs was significantly higher than that from a needle-free patch, with 29.29 ± 4.65%, 31.54 ± 5.35%, and 34.54 ± 4.98% of doxycycline, albendazole sulfoxide, and ivermectin retained in the dermis after 24 h. The results presented here serve as proof of concept for the significant enhancement of drug retention times in the dermis, following their formulation into NS and delivery via MN. Leading on from these studies, future work must investigate in vivo lymphatic pharmacokinetic profiling of drugs formulated into NS, in a suitable animal model.
A new microdialysis probe for continuous lactate measurement during fetal monitoring: Proof of concept in an animal model
